FRANKFURT - The European Central Bank (ECB) raised interest rates for the ninth consecutive time on Thursday and kept the door open to further tightening as stubborn inflation and a growing risk of a recession pull policymakers in opposing directions.

Fighting off a historic surge in prices, the ECB has now lifted borrowing costs by a combined 425 basis points since last July, worried that excessive price growth could be perpetuated via both rising costs and wages as the jobs market remains exceptionally tight.

With Thursday’s 25-basis-point move, the ECB’s deposit rate stands at 3.75 per cent, its highest level since 2000, before euro banknotes and coins had even been put into circulation. The main refinancing rate was set at 4.25 per cent.

ECB President Christine Lagarde told a press conference that what comes next was still in the balance, although the central bank, which was widely criticised for a slow response to last year’s initial surge in inflation, is determined to cool it.

“We are not in the domain of forward guidance but we are very strongly rooted in our determination to break the back of inflation,” Ms Lagarde said.

“There is the possibility of a hike (next time). There is the possibility of a pause. It’s a decisive maybe,” she said, adding the bank was “open-minded”.

The ECB’s full policy statement had said interest rates would be set at “sufficiently restrictive levels for as long as necessary” for a timely return of inflation to its 2 per cent target.

But it dropped a reference to rates having to be “brought” to a level that cuts inflation quickly enough, a nuance that could be seen as signalling further increases are not a given.

Ms Lagarde explained the tweak was “not random or irrelevant”.

That the ECB’s fastest-ever tightening spree is approaching its end is clear, however, with policymakers debating whether one more small move is needed before rates are kept steady for what some of them think will be a long time.

The problem is that inflation is coming down too slowly and could take until 2025 to fall back to 2 per cent, as a price surge initially driven by energy has seeped into the broader economy via large mark-ups and is fuelling the cost of services.

While overall inflation is now just half its October peak, harder-to-break underlying price growth is hovering near historic highs and may have even accelerated this month.

Ms Lagarde said the risks of so-called “second round” effects had not worsened since last month. The labour market remains exceptionally tight, though, with record-low unemployment raising the risk that wages will rise quickly as workers use their increased bargaining power to recoup real incomes lost to inflation.

That is why many investors and analysts are looking for the ECB to pull the trigger again in September and stop only if autumn wage data delivers relief.

RECESSION?

But the mood is clearly changing as the economy of the 20-country euro zone slows. While markets had fully priced in another rate hike just a few weeks ago, a growing number of investors are betting that Thursday’s move will be the last.

The euro tumbled during Ms Lagarde’s press conference and was down 0.4 per cent at US$1.1039 (S$1.46) as it drew to a close, having been up as much as 0.5 per cent beforehand.

More rate tightening would, however, be consistent with comments from a host of policymakers, including ECB board member Isabel Schnabel, that raising rates too far would still be less costly than not lifting them high enough.

On Wednesday, the United States Federal Reserve raised borrowing costs and kept the door open to further tightening, though Fed Chair Jerome Powell gave few hints about September, a stance the ECB is likely to copy.

Indicators of business, investor and consumer sentiment and bank lending surveys point to a continued deterioration after the euro zone skirted a recession last winter.

And with manufacturing in a deep recession and a previously resilient services sector showing signs of softening despite what is likely to be a superb summer holiday season, it is hard to see where any rebound would come from.

Such weakness, exacerbated by a loss of purchasing power after inflation eroded real incomes, could push down price pressures faster than some expect, leaving less work for the central bank to do.

This is a key reason why the balance of expectations has started to shift away from another rate hike, with economists increasingly focusing on how long rates will stay high.

“We know we are getting closer,” Ms Lagarde said, referring the end of the ECB’s rate hike run. REUTERS