HONG KONG • Home-grown investment bankers in Hong Kong are rapidly losing their status as the city's go-to dealmakers, supplanted by mainland Chinese rivals who now hold a majority of senior jobs in Asia's biggest financial hub.
While the shift has long seemed inevitable, given the expanding pool of mainland talent and dominant role of Chinese issuers in Hong Kong, the recent pace of change has jolted even some industry veterans.
They say it is partly explained by a reluctance among Chinese securities firms to hire and promote Hongkongers after anti-government protests rocked the former British colony last year.
Locals' share of investment banking jobs in the city has slumped to about 30 per cent from 40 per cent two years ago, with 60 per cent of roles now filled by mainlanders and 10 per cent by overseas nationals, according to recruiting firm Robert Walters.
The trend has been similar in the industry's upper echelons, where mainlanders account for more than half of senior roles, estimates from executive search firm Wellesley show.
The figures underscore the uncertain economic future facing even well-to-do Hongkongers, many of whom thrived for decades by acting as financial intermediaries between a rising China and the rest of the world.
While some in the industry have enjoyed relative stability in roles like trading that rely less on client relationships, those jobs also may come under threat as China makes it easier for global firms to bypass Hong Kong and access onshore markets directly.
Mr John Mullally, regional director at Robert Walters in Hong Kong, said: "With such a vast percentage of deals coming out of mainland China, it's understandable that many of those relationships are owned by mainland Chinese bankers."
He said mainlanders comprised just 15 per cent of the industry 20 years ago, before widespread access to study abroad programmes and other international experience helped China narrow its skills gap with Hong Kong.
The new environment has stymied even some of the most experienced Hong Kong bankers.
Mr Tse, a former managing director at large United States and European investment banks who now works at a mid-sized mainland Chinese brokerage, said he has had a hard time cracking the inner circle at his new firm. His salary is about the same now as it was more than a decade ago, while mainland hires outnumber Hongkongers by four-to-one in his division.
"Most of the Hong Kong bankers, including myself, are learning how to toe the Chinese line," said Mr Tse, who asked that his full name not be used because he is not authorised to speak to the media. "The cultural shocks and differences are still immense."
As the supply of bankers from the mainland has increased, pay packages across the city have dwindled. Compensation for senior roles has dropped 15 per cent to 20 per cent over the past five years, said Wellesley chief executive Christian Brun.
Senior managing directors typically take home anywhere from US$850,000 (S$1.15 million) to US$1.75 million, versus US$1 million to US$2 million in 2015, according to a person familiar with the matter who has several hiring mandates with bulge-bracket firms in the region.
And it is not just Chinese firms in Hong Kong that are hiring from the mainland. Morgan Stanley has promoted about 15 managing directors from mainland China since 2016, compared with 11 Hongkongers, according to company announcements analysed by Bloomberg.
Goldman Sachs Group appointed three Chinese nationals to its most recent partner class in 2018, the most ever from the country. The group included Mr Wei Cai, the firm's head of China investment banking.
The firm's senior promotions for Hongkongers in recent years have mostly come in areas that are less client facing, such as trading, research and support functions.
Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley declined to comment.
"More than 90 per cent of the searches we conduct in Hong Kong require mandarin fluency at least and a strong preference for PRC candidates," said Mr Brun, referring to the People's Republic of China, the country's official name.
That has also left fewer opportunities for expatriates from places like Britain and America, who accounted for just 7 per cent of senior hires in Asia at the region's eight biggest bulge-bracket investment banks, he said.
Hongkongers still hold some of the industry's most prominent roles. Mr Mark Leung is the China chief executive at JPMorgan Chase and Mr Pierre Chu is co-head of China mergers and acquisitions at Goldman Sachs. Several heads of China investment banking, including UBS Group's John Lee and Credit Suisse Group's Joe Lai, are also from Hong Kong.
While several of their high-profile peers have left the industry in recent years, they have mostly landed on their feet. Mr Edward Lau, a former director at Deutsche Bank, is now a deputy financial controller at New World Development, one of Hong Kong's biggest property companies. Mr Mervyn Chow, who ran Greater China for Credit Suisse, left in 2018 for investment giant Hillhouse Capital.
One potential advantage for local bankers is that they face a more favourable tax regime in Hong Kong than their mainland peers. China's government recently began imposing a levy on its citizens' offshore income, a decision that could leave mainland bankers in Hong Kong paying triple the local rate as well as footing the bill for the city's sky-high living costs. Some are already considering moves back to China if their employers do not increase salaries to offset the new tax.
The long-term risk for Hong Kong's local bankers is that the city's role as a financial hub starts to fade. China's imposition of a sweeping national security law on Hong Kong has blurred the lines between the two jurisdictions, and the threat of economically crippling sanctions from the Trump administration still hangs over the city.
Meanwhile, international firms have recently been given a green light from Beijing to build up their operations on the mainland.
Morgan Stanley has already moved 15 bankers and executives to its China venture from locations including Hong Kong. UBS has relocated about five employees from Hong Kong to Beijing, while Credit Suisse moved two executives to the Chinese capital to head its securities venture.
Foreign banks will find it much cheaper to hire staff on the mainland, according to Mr Eric Zhu, head of financials at recruiter Morgan McKinley. Employing a first year analyst at a bulge-bracket firm in China costs around US$51,000, compared with as much as US$100,000 in Hong Kong, he said.
"The biggest influence on this trend came in the change in regulations allowing international firms to have control of their onshore entities," Mr Brun said.
"Everything else, including the Hong Kong protests, the political turmoil, and the US-China grind all simply accelerate and concentrate the move onshore."
BLOOMBERG
