GLASGOW (REUTERS) - Facebook advertisers promoted false and misleading claims about climate change on the platform in recent weeks, just as the COP26 conference was getting under way.

Days after Facebook's vice-president of global affairs Nick Clegg touted the company's efforts in combating climate misinformation in a blog as the Glasgow summit began, conservative media network Newsmax ran an advertisement on the platform that called man-made global warming a "hoax".

The ad, which had multiple versions, had over 200,000 views.

In another ad, conservative commentator Candace Owens said that "apparently we're just supposed to trust our new authoritarian government" on climate science, while a United States libertarian think-tank ran an ad on how "modern doomsayers" had been wrongly predicting climate crises for decades.

Newsmax, Ms Owens and the Daily Wire, which paid for the ad from Ms Owens' page, did not respond to requests for comment.

Facebook, which recently changed its name to Meta, does not have a specific policy on climate misinformation in ads or unpaid posts. Alphabet's Google said last month that it would no longer allow ads that contradict scientific consensus on climate change on YouTube and its other services, though it would allow content that discusses false claims.

Facebook generally does not remove misinformation in posts unless it determines that the content poses imminent real-world harm, as the company did for falsehoods around Covid-19.

The company says it demotes posts ranked as false by its third-party fact-checkers (of which Reuters is one) and prohibits ads with these debunked claims. It says advertisers that repeatedly post false information may face restrictions on their ability to advertise on Facebook. It exempts politicians' ads from fact checks.

When asked about ads pushing climate misinformation, a company spokesman said in a statement: "While ads like these run across many platforms, Facebook offers an extra layer of transparency by requiring them to be available to the public in our Ad Library for up to seven years after publication."

Britain-based think-tank InfluenceMap, which identified misleading Facebook ads run from several media outlets and think-tanks around COP26, also found that fossil fuel companies and lobbying groups spent US$574,000 (S$782,000) on political and social issue Facebook ads during the summit, resulting in more than 22 million impressions and including content that promoted their environmental efforts in what InfluenceMap described as "greenwashing".

One ad paid for by the American Petroleum Institute (API) panned over a natural landscape as it touted its efforts to tackle climate change, while BP America ran an ad detailing its support for climate-friendly policies in neon green writing.

"Our social media posts represent a small fraction compared with the robust investments our companies make every day into breakthrough technologies aimed at capturing methane, advancing hydrogen and accelerating carbon capture," API said in a statement, adding that the natural gas and oil industry was committed to lowering emissions.

BP said in a statement that it was "actively advocating policies that support net zero, including carbon pricing, through a range of transparent channels, including social media advertising".

Oil and gas companies have placed ads across a broad range of other media properties ahead of and during the COP26 summit, including on podcasts, newsletters and through television commercials.

In Europe, Greenpeace and other environmental groups called last month for a ban on ads and sponsorships by oil and gas companies.

Facebook has started adding informational labels to posts about climate change to direct users to its Climate Science Centre, a new hub with facts and quizzes which it says is visited by more than 100,000 people a day.

When asked in an interview aired last week at the Reuters Responsible Business USA 2021 event where he thought Facebook still fell short on climate issues, chief technology officer Mike Schroepfer said: "Obviously, there's been concern about people sharing misinformation about climate on Facebook.

"I'm not going to say we have it right at any moment in time. We continually re-evaluate what the state of the world is and what is our role, which starts with trying to allow people free expression, and then intervening when there are harms happening that we can prevent."

He did not directly say why Facebook had not banned all climate misinformation ads, but added that it "didn't want people to profit over misinformation".

Employees question policy

The company's approaches to climate misinformation and scepticism have caused employee debate. Discussions on its internal message board show staff sparring over how it should handle climate misinformation and flagging instances of this on the platform, such as in a January post where an employee said they found "prominent results of apparent misinformation" when they searched for climate change in its video "Watch" section.

The documents were among a cache of disclosures made to the US Securities and Exchange Commission and Congress by whistle-blower Frances Haugen, a former Facebook product manager who left in May. Reuters was among a group of news organisations able to view the documents.

In the comments on an April post highlighting Facebook's commitment to reducing its own environmental impact, including by reaching net-zero emissions for its global operations last year, an employee asked if the company could start classifying and removing climate misinformation and hoaxes from its platforms.

Two external researchers working with Facebook on its climate change efforts told Reuters that they would like to see the company approach climate misinformation with the same proactiveness it has for misinformation on Covid-19, which Facebook has cracked down on during the pandemic.

"It does need to be addressed with the same level of urgency," said Dr John Cook, a post-doctoral research fellow at the Climate Change Communication Research Hub at Monash University who is advising Facebook on its climate misinformation work. "It is arguably more dangerous."