Tech and crypto in peril as Fed ends liquidity binge: Bloomberg survey

NEW YORK (BLOOMBERG) - The speculative darlings of the easy-money era - technology stocks and cryptocurrencies - are acutely vulnerable now that the Federal Reserve is shrinking its nearly US$9 trillion (S$12.4 trillion) balance sheet.

At the same time, central bankers from Canada to Europe are about to test the resilience of global markets as they follow hawkish US policymakers on a liquidity-sapping mission to unwind the pandemic bond-buying spree.

That is the broad outlook for Wall Street and beyond, according to the most popular responses from 687 contributors to Bloomberg's latest MLIV Pulse survey, as the Fed this month starts reducing its asset holdings in a process known as quantitative tightening (QT).

The historic shift is seen as a notable threat to tech equities and digital tokens - both risk-sensitive assets that soared in the Covid-19 market mania before cratering in this year's cross-asset crash. The era of ultra-cheap money looks over for now.

The Fed's balance sheet drawdown is seen lasting more than a year, while nearly two-thirds of survey respondents say the four-decade bull run in Treasuries has come to an end.

All this comes against the risky backdrop of the Fed hiking interest rates at the fastest pace in decades to combat red-hot inflation, as officials seek to quash talk of a September pause. Recent gyrations in stocks, bonds and other markets have done little to deter the US central bank from its hawkish posture, with policymakers widely expected to raise rates by another half point on June 15.

The Fed began shrinking its balance sheet this month by allowing assets to mature without reinvestment at a monthly pace of US$47.5 billion, increasing to as much as US$95 billion per month in September.

"It is where that quantity of capital and quantity of liquidity has been most beneficial that its withdrawal is going to continue to be felt - and that is in the most speculative parts of the market," Ms Lisa Shalett, chief investment officer at Morgan Stanley Wealth Management, said.

The MLIV survey of most-at-risk assets in the QT era canvassed a group ranging from retail investors to market strategists. Just 7 per cent picked mortgage-backed bonds - securities that were at the heart of the 2008-09 meltdown - with almost half citing tech and crypto.

Draining money from the system tends to tighten financial conditions, all else equal, which acts as a brake on economic growth. That can reduce valuations for tech stocks given their reliance on optimism about future profits.

The end of Fed bond-buying also forces the Treasury to sell more debt in the open market, potentially putting upward pressure on bond yields, which play a big role in how Wall Street values listed companies - a headwind for so-called growth stocks in particular. Fuelled by pandemic-era policy easing, the tech-heavy Nasdaq 100 Index climbed more than 130 per cent from its March 2020 low before plunging this year.

Meanwhile, cryptocurrencies have increasingly been driven by fluctuations in tech stocks. Since March 2020, there has been a strong positive correlation between Bitcoin and the Nasdaq 100, with the relationship intensifying in this year's sell-off.

The thinking goes that when money is cheap, traders can speculate about future digital trends en masse. But when the liquidity party fades, those bets become more costly.

"I don't think people fully realise how much quantitative easing caused investors to add a lot of leverage to their positions," said Mr Matt Maley, chief market strategist for Miller Tabak + Co. "Now that we are going through QT, that leverage has to be unwound."

Respondents who were active in the market during the financial crisis more than a decade ago are particularly concerned that the Fed's balance sheet shrinkage will hurt junk bonds. Newer entrants are more inclined to worry about its impact on crypto and tech shares.

Readers more broadly are sounding the alarm about global trading conditions as the likes of the European Central Bank - which meets this week - and the Bank of England look to rein in their expanded balance sheets. Nearly 53 per cent said they are concerned markets are underestimating the liquidity importance of central banks outside the US. Only 8 per cent described QT in general as overhyped.

Yet the principal concern of MLIV readers remains how far the US central bank will lift benchmark borrowing costs in this cycle. Some 61 per cent said the level at which the terminal Fed funds rate peaks is more important than the amount by which the balance sheet shrinks.

As for QT's endgame, around two-thirds say the primary catalyst is more likely to emerge from negative developments than victory on the inflation front. Some 38 per cent said economic pain would prompt an end to the balance sheet rundown, while 20 per cent pointed to market turmoil. Just 10 per cent voted for problems related to bank reserves and short-term funding markets.

That is an implicit vote of confidence in the measures the Fed has taken to avert logjams in the financial plumbing that caused it to intervene in 2019 during its previous tightening programme.

For many, the era of ultra-low rates and big central bank balance sheets is all they have known professionally. Some 46 per cent of MLIV respondents were not active in markets before the widespread global adoption of quantitative easing in the aftermath of 2008. Fewer still rode the early long-dated Treasury bull market in the decades past.

A strong majority of readers - 64 per cent - say the four-decade bullish stretch has finally ended, with experienced market players notably more hawkish than younger counterparts.

"Whenever you are seeing major shifts in liquidity, there is potential you could see some disruption in the market and that could trigger some violent trading behaviour," said Mr Ed Moya, senior market analyst at Oanda.