BANGALORE (REUTERS) - Bitcoin miners have been forced to tap their cryptocurrency stashes as a plunge in prices, rising energy costs and increased competition bite into profitability.
The number of coins miners are sending to crypto exchanges has been steadily climbing since June 7, researchers at MacroHive noted, in a sign that "miners have been increasingly liquidating their coins on exchanges".
Several publicly listed bitcoin miners collectively sold more than 100 per cent of their entire output in May as the value of Bitcoin tumbled 45 per cent, an analysis by Arcane Research found.
"The plummeting profitability of mining forced these miners to increase their selling rate to more than 100 per cent of their output in May. The conditions have worsened in June, meaning they are likely selling even more," said Arcane analyst Jaran Mellerud.
Bitcoin miners, who run networks of computers to earn tokens by validating transactions on the blockchain, are typically staunch crypto holders and collectively own around 800,000 bitcoins, according to CoinMetrics data.
The crypto mining space rapidly expanded in 2021 as Bitcoin more than quadrupled in value, but this growth has further pressured margins as the process is designed to grow more difficult as the number of miners increases.
"Over the past 6 months, hash rate and mining difficulty have increased while the price of Bitcoin has dropped. These are both negatives for existing miners as both work to compress margins," said Mr Joe Burnett, an analyst at bitcoin mining firm Blockware Solutions.
High energy prices are also hitting miners, who by some estimates use more electricity than the Philippines, according to the Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index.
"If you're not at a very low-cost electricity area at this point, you've got to shut down," noted Mr Chris Brendler, senior research analyst at DA Davidson.
Bitfarms, Riot Blockchain and Core Scientific are among companies that announced sales, with Bitfarms' chief executive saying the company is "no longer holding daily bitcoin production".
Shares of publicly listed miners have been battered even more than Bitcoin, with the Valkyrie Bitcoin Miners ETF falling 59 per cent this quarter compared with the 53 per cent drop for Bitcoin.
Some miners, including Bitfarms, are using proceeds to negotiate financing agreements to fund operations and make payments on expensive mining equipment.
If miners have already paid two-thirds or even 70 per cent of the price of these millions of dollars in machines, they would not want to miss the final instalments, which makes them desperate for financing, Mr Brendler said.
Given miners' significant Bitcoin holdings, some analysts point to miner sales as another factor weighing on Bitcoin prices.
Miners using older and more energy-intensive machines, and without the balance sheet and access to financing of publicly listed players are already struggling.
Bitcoin's mining difficulty decreased 2.35 per cent this week, Glassnode data showed, indicating the network had adjusted after some miners turned off their rigs.
This takes some pressure off those that have not given up.
"Bitcoin mining is a zero-sum game. If you can continue running when others cannot that means you have a larger share of the pie," said Mr Charlie Schumacher, spokesman for Marathon Digital Holdings, the largest publicly listed miner.
Marathon has not sold Bitcoin since October 2020, he added.
Mr Burnett said: "Bitcoin bottoms have been marked at the end of miner capitulation, that could be a sign that the miners that can survive this capitulation have a light at the end of the tunnel."
