What are the ‘high seas’? A look at the historic UN ocean treaty and why it matters

A file photo of a sperm whale spotted near Hokkaido, Japan. PHOTO: REUTERS

UNITED NATIONS - After two decades of planning and talks that culminated in a gruelling race over the past few days in New York, a significant majority of nations agreed on language for a historic United Nations treaty that would protect ocean biodiversity.

As marine life faces threats from climate change, overfishing, the possibility of seabed mining and other dangers, the treaty would make it possible to create marine protected areas and enact other conservation measures on the “high seas”, the expanse of ocean covering almost half the world.

“Today the world came together to protect the ocean for the benefit of our children and grandchildren,” said Ms Monica Medina, an assistant secretary of state. “We leave here with the ability to create protected areas in the high seas and achieve the ambitious goal of conserving 30 per cent of the ocean by 2030.”

The open oceans of the world have no international body or agreement with a primary focus of protecting marine biodiversity. This treaty, if enacted, would change that.

However, there is still a way to go before the treaty can take effect. The next major step would be for countries to formally adopt the language, which was settled on Saturday night in New York (Sunday morning in Singapore). Then, nations would need to ratify the treaty itself, which often requires legislative approval.

Here’s a look at this past week’s agreement, what it means, and what might happen next.

What are the ‘high seas’?

Nations generally control the waters and sea floor that extend 200 nautical miles from their shores. Beyond that, you hit the high seas, which are not subject to any individual nation’s laws or control. They span almost half the planet.

The high seas are home to species up and down the food chain, from phytoplankton to great white sharks. Much of the marine life that are also found closer to shore in national waters – including species of tuna and salmon, sea turtles and whales – also spend much of their time in the high seas. That fact underlines the need for international collaboration on ways to protect species in need of help. Animals, after all, do not recognise national boundaries.

There is also deep sea life, including delightfully strange species such as anglerfish (which look like creepy characters in a marine haunted house), tripod fish (which appear to stand on bony fins like stilts) and hatchetfish (which sport organs that light up in rows along their bellies).

It is sometimes said that we know more about the Moon than the depths of the seas.

What’s at stake there?

“Our ocean has been under pressure for decades,” Mr Antonio Guterres, the United Nations secretary-general, said in a statement last week as he encouraged delegates to reach a deal. “We can no longer ignore the ocean emergency.”

Overfishing and climate change are leading threats to marine biodiversity. Sharks and rays that live in the open ocean, for example, have declined by more than 70 per cent since 1970, according to a sweeping global assessment.

New threats to marine life are emerging as people look to the ocean for the mining of valuable minerals and for possible ways to do “carbon sequestration”, which involve efforts to lock away carbon dioxide to keep it out of the atmosphere, where it is a major contributor to global warming.

Deep sea mining poses a risk to species that are particularly fragile and unknown, scientists say. Far from sunlight, these creatures grow and recover slowly.

The high seas have “probably the largest reserve of undiscovered biodiversity left on Earth”, said director of international oceans programme Lisa Speer at the Natural Resources Defence Council. “Every time scientists go out there, they find species new to science.”

Human well-being is at stake, too, scientists say, because the health of the high seas is critical to the health of the overall ocean. Billions of people worldwide rely on the ocean for food and jobs, according to the World Bank.

Oceans, which regulate climate across the planet, have blunted the effects of climate change on land by absorbing carbon dioxide and excess heat caused by burning fossil fuels. But that is taking a toll on the oceans, making them hotter and more acidic, with less oxygen.

“The oceans are a vital part of what makes our Earth livable, not just for marine biodiversity but for all life on Earth,” said Pew Charitable Trusts’ director of ocean governance Liz Karan.

Aren’t there rules already in place?

A patchwork of international agreements and organisations regulate the high seas, but they focus on fishing, shipping, mining and fossil fuel extraction. While they are supposed to take biodiversity into account, it isn’t always in their interest to do so, environmental advocates say. Even when they do, each body tends to pay attention to its own specific effects on marine life instead of considering the cumulative effects of all pressures.

“The current structure of managing human activities on high seas is not a whole lot more rigorous than the Wild West,” Ms Speer said. The high seas are also notorious for abuses and lawlessness, including human servitude and murder. This agreement would not address crimes like these.

If ratified, the new treaty would create an international framework with a primary focus of protecting ocean species or ecosystems. It would be able to designate marine protected areas, places where fishing and other activities that harm marine life are curbed or banned.

What were the sticking points?

A series of questions held up negotiations: What parts of the high seas can be considered for marine protected areas and how will they be decided? How will environmental reviews work when companies want to mine, drill or undertake another potentially harmful activity? What happens when the new treaty bumps into the authority of another existing body, like a fishery management organisation.

And one of the most stubborn: Who will profit if valuable genetic resources – say, a cure for cancer – are discovered somewhere in the high seas? Developing nations said that they had a right to share in both scientific knowledge and in possible future profits. Wealthier nations countered that, if companies weren’t able to get sufficient return on investment, they might lack the incentive to invest in marine research.

Underneath lies a frustration from developing nations that has also roiled climate and global biodiversity talks: They feel that they should not be penalised for problems that are largely the result of the activities of richer nations, not poorer ones.

What happened in the end?

Just before 9.30pm on Saturday, after negotiating for 36 hours, participants announced a deal.

“The ship has reached the shore,” said the conference’s president, Mrs Rena Lee of Singapore. She choked back tears during a long-standing ovation that followed.

While countries did not formally adopt the text, they agreed not to reopen negotiations on it. Marine protected areas would be determined by a vote, delegates decided, a win for biodiversity because the other possibility, consensus, would allow the possibility that one country could block action.

A statement from Greenpeace called the treaty “a monumental win for ocean protection” and an important one for multilateralism in a world that can feel ever more divided.

Ms Laura Meller, an oceans campaigner for Greenpeace who attended the talks, said: “Protecting nature and people can triumph over geopolitics.” NYTIMES

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