HONOLULU (WASHINGTON POST)－From Banana Boat to Coppertone, major sunscreen brands will have to revamp their products or stop selling them in Hawaii.

Hawaii Governor David Ige on Tuesday (July 3) signed legislation that will ban the sale of sunscreens containing two chemicals believed to harm coral reefs, making Hawaii the first US state to enact legislation designed to protect marine ecosystems by banning such sunscreens.

"This is just one small step towards protecting and restoring the resiliency of Hawaii's reefs," Ige, a Democrat, said at a signing ceremony for the Bill, which takes effect in 2021, the Associated Press reported.

The Bill, which is known as SB 2571 and was passed by state legislators in May, states that the chemicals, oxybenzone and octinoxate, "have significant harmful impacts on Hawaii's marine environment and residing ecosystems."

The legislation aims to keep sunscreens that contain those chemicals off store shelves. However, the products would still be available to those who have a prescription from a licensed health-care provider, according to the legislation.

The Bill is opposed by various companies and business associations and even some dermatologists, who worry that the ban may discourage people from wearing sunscreen at all.

State Senator Mike Gabbard, the Democrat who introduced the Bill, told the Honolulu Star-Advertiser that it would be "a first-in-the-world law."

"So, Hawaii is definitely on the cutting edge by banning these dangerous chemicals in sunscreens," Gabbard said in an email to the newspaper.

"When you think about it, our island paradise, surrounded by coral reefs, is the perfect place to set the gold standard for the world to follow. This will make a huge difference in protecting our coral reefs, marine life, and human health."

According to the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, coral reefs are crucial to marine and human life.

In addition to protecting sea creatures, the Smithsonian said, the reefs provide food, medication and tourism jobs, among other things - at a value of US$30 billion to US$172 billion per year."Unfortunately, people also pose the greatest threat to coral reefs," according to the Smithsonian.

"Overfishing and destructive fishing, pollution, warming, changing ocean chemistry, and invasive species are all taking a huge toll. In some places, reefs have been entirely destroyed, and in many places reefs today are a pale shadow of what they once were."

Environmental organisations argue that certain sunscreens - which research has shown can wash off from skin into the water while swimming or bathing - can be toxic to the coral reefs.

SB 2471 states: "Oxybenzone and octinoxate cause mortality in developing coral; increase coral bleaching that indicates extreme stress, even at temperatures below 87.8 degrees Fahrenheit (31 deg C); and cause genetic damage to coral and other marine organisms. These chemicals have also been shown to degrade corals' resiliency and ability to adjust to climate change factors and inhibit recruitment of new corals. Furthermore, oxybenzone and octinoxate appear to increase the probability of endocrine disruption."

"The legislature further finds that environmental contamination of oxybenzone and octinoxate persists in Hawaii's coastal waters, as the contamination is constantly refreshed and renewed every day by swimmers and beachgoers," according to the Bill.

The Star-Advertiser reported that the proposed law, which would go into effect in 2021, was opposed by ABC Stores, the Hawaii Medical Association, the Hawaii Food Industry Association, Chamber of Commerce Hawaii, the Personal Care Products Council and Bayer, which manufactures sunscreens by Coppertone.

Jay Sirois, director of regulatory affairs for an association that represents sunscreen manufacturers, recently told NPR: "We're taking away a product, or products . . . that have been shown over the course of time to be safe and effective" against the harmful effects of the sun.

Bayer said in a statement in May that the company intends to comply with the legislation but that "eliminating the use of sunscreen ingredients considered to be safe and effective by the FDA with a long history of use not only restricts consumer choice, but is also at odds with skin cancer prevention efforts. What has been scientifically proven is that exposure to UV radiation from the sun causes skin cancer. And sunscreen is one of the most effective ways to protect yourself from UV exposure, in addition to wearing protective clothing, sunglasses and staying in the shade."

Edgewell Personal Care, which manufactures Banana Boat and Hawaiian Tropic sunscreens, said at the time that some of its products are already available without oxybenzone and octinoxate.

"Some of our products contain FDA-approved amounts of oxybenzone and octinoxate, active ingredients that are designed to protect skin against the damaging effects of ultraviolet light and provide critical broad-spectrum protection from both UVA and UVB rays," the company said.

"The ingredients within our products are clearly listed in the active ingredients on the label so that consumers can make informed purchasing decisions. As always, we will continue to ensure we comply with all relevant regulations concerning oxybenzone and octinoxate."

Johnson & Johnson, which owns Neutrogena, agreed with the position taken by its trade organization, the Consumer Healthcare Products Association. The association said "the health, safety and welfare of millions of Hawaii residents and tourists has been severely compromised" by SB 2571, which aims to ban "at least 70 per cent of the sunscreens on the market today, based on weak science blaming sunscreens for damage to coral reefs."

"Overwhelming scientific evidence shows that excess sun exposure without effective sunscreen increases the risk of developing skin cancer in both adults and children," the association said in a statement in May.

"Banning oxybenzone and octinoxate - key ingredients in effective sunscreens on the market - will drastically and unnecessarily reduce the selection of safe and effective sunscreen products available to residents and visitors.

"Oxybenzone and octinoxate, found in the majority of sunscreens, are safe and effective over-the-counter (OTC) active ingredients recognized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as important aides in decreasing the risk of developing skin cancer, the most common cancer in the US."