WASHINGTON (WASHINGTON POST) - Disney's much-anticipated streaming service has tacked warnings onto the beginnings of some movies indicating that they might include racist or otherwise offensive elements - a move that experts say begins to address the problem but fails to go far enough.
A message that airs before classic films, including Dumbo and Peter Pan, on Disney Plus says the movie is shown as it originally was made and "may contain outdated cultural depictions".
The decision to attach this message to some animated films was met with both praise from people who viewed it as an accountability measure and criticism from those who thought its wording was dismissive. The mixed response, experts say, highlights the fact that Disney only has begun to take responsibility for the problematic representations.
"It really feels like a first step," said Mr Michael Baran, a senior partner at the Illinois-based diversity and inclusion consulting firm InQuest Consulting. "I think that they could be so much more forceful in not only what they are saying, in the warning, but also in what they're doing."
Disney frequently has come under fire for characters that promote racist stereotypes. The crows in Dumbo, released in 1941, encapsulate stereotypes of African Americans. One of the birds was named Jim Crow.
In 1967's The Jungle Book, critics say the monkeys portray black people as foolish and criminal. The churlish hyenas in The Lion King, released in 1994, could represent racial minorities who live on the wrong side of the tracks. The list of movies with elements criticised as racist continues.
Disney Plus' warning that elements of certain films may be "outdated" is an apolitical and passive way of acknowledging society's cultural dialogue about racism and diversity, and that some movies are bound to be criticised, said Dr Shilpa Dave, a professor of media studies and American studies at the University of Virginia.
"They are accounting for the fact that, 'yes, this is the company that we once were, but we're moving in a new direction,'" she said. "It's a safe way of saying they understand the moment in which their company exists and in which we are in now."
Others have criticised Disney Plus for not being direct about what the content warnings are referring to, especially when compared with language used by the entertainment company Warner Bros Entertainment before some of its Looney Tunes cartoons.
"The cartoons you are about to see are products of their time," the Warner Bros' disclaimer reads. "They may depict some of the ethnic and racial prejudices that were commonplace in American society. These depictions were wrong then and are wrong today."
Mr Baran said he would like to see Disney use more explicit language to acknowledge that a film includes biased depictions of a certain racial group and urge viewers to talk about those representations. Disney could include discussion questions online to accompany the movies, he said.
Some films that reportedly do not contain warning notices, like Aladdin, should have them added, Mr Baran said, and the warnings should also apply to films with problematic representations of gender and sexuality.
Representatives for Walt Disney did not respond to a request for comment on why the company decided to add content warnings and how their language was chosen.
Walt Disney, who co-founded the Walt Disney Company with his brother Roy Disney, has been called racist and misogynistic, although his biographer and other supporters have disputed that representation. Walt Disney's grandniece, the filmmaker Abigail Disney, said in 2014 that she agreed with the negative assessment of her great uncle.
"Anti-Semite? Check. Misogynist? OF COURSE!! Racist? C'mon he made a film (Jungle Book) about how you should stay 'with your own kind' at the height of the fight over segregation!" Abigail Disney wrote on Facebook. "As if the King Of The Jungle number wasn't proof enough!! How much more information do you need?"
The allegations that Walt Disney was racist may make executives at the company he founded feel especially responsible for addressing the unsavoury aspects of its movies, said Ms Gayle Wald, who chairs the American studies department at George Washington University and specialises in race and popular media. She said that the phrasing Disney chose is vague and that the company should be more explicit about its intended message.
Producing live-action versions of classic films has given Disney a chance to revise parts of movies that have been deemed insensitive. In the new live-action remake of Lady And The Tramp that debuted on Disney Plus, the Siamese cats that depict Asian stereotypes in the original movie are not portrayed as Siamese.
Prof Dave, however, said live-action remakes still evoke the original films and changing the characters cannot fix the original movie's racism.
"Instead, why don't you retell the story from an alternative point of view or create new stories with new people and new animals?" she said.
The experts praised the fact that Disney mostly did not keep racist movies off the streaming service or change them to remove the criticised elements. An exception was Song Of The South, a 1946 film that takes place on a Southern plantation during the Reconstruction era. The movie has been roundly castigated for glorifying plantations and is not available on Disney Plus.
"Generally, I tend to shy away from 'Never look at that' because I do worry that never looking at (it) is a way of forgetting," Ms Wald said. "Being confronted with the ugliness is necessary to understanding ourselves as Americans."
