WASHINGTON (AFP) - President Joe Biden said on Friday (Dec 10) that democracy "knows no borders" as he closed a two-day summit on democratic freedoms while fending off a storm of criticism from China and domestic critics alike.

Mr Biden's presidency has focused on restoring America to what former president Ronald Reagan liked to call a "shining city on the hill", or a beacon for freedom that other nations look up to.

But the Washington summit, held by video link because of Covid-19, underlined difficulties facing the United States in resurrecting that traditional role.

In closing comments to leaders from scores of countries, as well as representatives of NGOs and philanthropical bodies, Mr Biden said democracy "knows no borders. It speaks every language. It lives in anti-corruption activists, human rights defenders, journalists".

"We're committed to working with all those who share those values to shape the rules of the road," Mr Biden vowed, saying the United States will stand by those "who give their people the ability to breathe free and not seek to suffocate their people with an iron hand".

Mr Biden has spoken repeatedly about the world reaching an "inflection point" in a struggle between growing autocracies and increasingly under-fire democracies.

On the first day of the virtual summit, he pledged US$424 million (S$578.96 million) to support media freedom, fair elections and anti-corruption campaigns.

"Democracy needs champions," Mr Biden said.

But as Mr Biden hosted the summit on a wall of television screens in the White House, rival China was trolling the summit with mocking propaganda, including a rap song in English saying that Americans "sell democracy like they sell Coca-Cola!"

China and Russia, which Mr Biden describes as the supreme leaders of the autocracies camp, were the highest profile names left off the invite list to the Washington summit.

Both countries have responded angrily, accusing Mr Biden of stoking Cold War-style ideological divides.

China is especially upset because while it was not invited, Taiwan was.

As a democratically-run island that China considers a breakaway region, Taiwan is an increasingly sore spot in the wider battle between Beijing and Washington.

Beijing got a boost right in the middle of Mr Biden's summit when Nicaragua dropped its previous diplomatic alliance with Taiwan, saying it only recognised China.

The announcement leaves Taiwan with only 14 diplomatic allies, just as the US State Department is calling on "all countries that value democratic institutions" to "expand engagement" with the island.

World sceptical on US

Mr Biden's democracy appeal also met a mixed reception at home.

On one side, Republican critics say he has not been tough enough on China or other adversaries.

"In Joe Biden's first 11 months in office, he has failed to stand up for freedom across the globe and caved to those who want to dismantle it, emboldening our enemies and undermining our standing abroad," the Republican National Committee said in a reaction to his remarks on Friday.

On another end of the political spectrum, famed Vietnam War era whistle-blower Daniel Ellsberg lashed out at the Biden administration for pursuing extradition of Wikileaks founder Julian Assange.

Washington wants Assange to face trial for WikiLeaks' publication in 2010 of classified military documents relating to its wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

On Friday, the US government won an appeal paving the way for the 50-year-old Australian to be sent from Britain.

"How dare Biden lecture a @StateDept #SummitForDemocracy today while refusing to pardon" Assange, Mr Ellsberg tweeted on Thursday.

He accused Mr Biden of "killing freedom of the press for 'national security'".

And looming over not just the democracy summit, but the entire US political scene, is the trauma of former president Donald Trump's refusal to accept he lost the 2020 presidential election, as well as an alleged coup attempt to reverse the results.

It's a complex situation that leaves Mr Biden struggling to get his message across and his audience sometimes sceptical.

Only 17 per cent of people surveyed in 16 advanced economies "consider American democracy a good model for other countries to follow", according to the Pew Research Centre Spring 2021 Global Attitudes Survey.

Another 57 per cent "think it used to be a good example but has not been in recent years".