Aggressive tactics by National Guard, ordered to appease Trump, wounded the military too

WASHINGTON (NYTIMES) - A white National Guard commander called the standoff in Lafayette Square "the Alamo", implying that the White House was under siege.

Black members of the DC Guard objected to turning on their neighbours. Army leaders told pilots to "flood the box with everything we have" as two helicopters buzzed protesters in the streets.

The National Guard is now engaged in an investigation of the havoc last Monday (June 1) in downtown Washington, similar to after-the-fact examinations more common to battlefields in Iraq and Afghanistan. There will be questions, interviews and competing narratives.

But on one point everyone is agreed: The first days of June, a calamitous period for the Trump presidency, have been a debacle for the National Guard.

There has been a torrent of criticism from Congress, senior retired military officers and Guard members themselves since more than 5,000 Guard troops - from the District of Columbia and a dozen states - were rushed to the streets of the capital to help in the crackdown on mostly peaceful protesters and occasional looters after the killing of Mr George Floyd in police custody.

The DC Guard has halted recruiting efforts, and at least four National Guard troops have tested positive for the coronavirus.

DC Guard members, typically deployed to help after hurricanes, floods and other natural disasters, say they feel demoralised and exhausted.

More than 60 per cent are people of colour, and one soldier said he and some fellow troops were so ashamed in taking part against the protests that they have kept it from family members.

"Typically, as the DC National Guard, we are viewed as the heroes," said another soldier, 1st Lt Malik Jenkins-Bey, 42, who was the acting commander of the 273rd Military Police Company during the first days of the protests.

But last week was different, he said.

"It's a very tough conversation to have when a soldier turns to me and they're saying, 'Hey sir, you know my cousin was up there yelling at me, that was my neighbour, my best friend from high school,'" said Lt Jenkins-Bey, who is African American.

Interviews with two dozen military officials as well as texts, Internet chats, audio recordings, e-mails and documents obtained by The New York Times also show that senior Army leaders - in an effort to prevent what they feared would be a calamitous outcome if President Donald Trump ordered combat troops from the 82nd Airborne Division, holding just outside city limits, to the streets - leaned heavily on the Guard to carry out aggressive tactics to prove it could do the job without active-duty forces.

Guard leaders issued a flurry of ad hoc orders that put thousands of Guardsmen in face-to-face conflict with fellow Americans.

Some of the Guardsmen were just out of basic training, and others had no experience in controlling disturbances in the streets. Guard troops were allowed to drive heavy vehicles on the streets without the usual licensing.

In the next days, the Army is expected to release the results of a preliminary investigation into why the helicopters - a Black Hawk and, in particular, a Lakota with the Red Cross emblem designating it a medical helicopter - came to be used to terrorise protesters in Washington.

Mr Ryan McCarthy, the Army secretary, acknowledged that he gave the order for the helicopters to respond, but by the time that order reached the pilots, officials said, it was interpreted as high profile and urgent to disrupt the protests.

Officials expect the pilots who flew the helicopters will receive some type of punishment.

And when National Guard officials requested written guidance allowing troops without military licences to drive armoured vehicles around Washington, the officer in charge of the task force, Brig-Gen Robert Ryan, said it was a verbal order from the Army's chief of staff, Gen James McConville.

Written confirmation never came, and a Defence Department official with direct knowledge of the situation said Gen McConville never gave such an order.

The DC National Guard did not respond to a request for comment.

Around 9.15am on Monday, June 1, more than an hour into Defence Secretary Mark Esper's weekly videoconference staff meeting with officials at the Pentagon, an aide slipped a note to the secretary.

"I've got to go," Mr Esper said, ending the call and summoning top aides for a smaller meeting on security in the capital and in Minnesota.

The night before, some demonstrators had hurled projectiles at the police and other law enforcement authorities.

The night before that, six National Guard troops had been injured - five hit in the legs with bricks and one hit in the head.

Thinly sourced intelligence reports, with no direct corroboration and highlighted in a brief early last week, suggested that fringe groups might try to use car bombs to attack government and law enforcement positions.

Mr Trump himself was enraged by news reports that he had been moved on Friday night, May 29, to a White House bunker because of the protests outside his gates.

The President was alarmed and unsettled by the violence, and by Monday, he was threatening to invoke the 1807 Insurrection Act, which would allow him to order active-duty troops into cities across the United States.

Gen Mark Milley, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, objected, saying it was a terrible idea to have combat troops trained to fight foreign adversaries at war with Americans.

A wild scramble ensued to use another option: Summon National Guard troops from other states to reinforce the 1,200 DC Guard troops already called up.

Unlike other Guard units, the DC Guard reports not to a state governor but to the Army secretary, who in turn reports to the defence secretary and the President.

From the Pentagon and a National Guard operations centre on Monday in nearby Northern Virginia, officials held a hastily arranged conference call with all of the commanders of state National Guard forces.

The appeal was blunt and urgent: How many troops can you send and when can you send them? Pentagon officials said they preferred troops with previous training in civil disturbances, but they knew they did not have time to be picky.

Some states with Republican governors quickly jumped in - Tennessee, South Carolina, Utah. West Virginia's National Guard sent a reconnaissance plane, typically used for border security and to spot drug smugglers.

Along with the troops, National Guard units from other states brought weapons and ammunition.

Tens of thousands of rifle and pistol rounds were stored in the DC Armoury and partitioned in pallets, labelled by their state of origin, to be used on US citizens in case of emergency.

Other states, like California, were dealing with demonstrations of their own and were reluctant to part with any forces.

Some Guard commanders, recalling the lessons of the Vietnam War and the Guard shootings that killed four Kent State students in 1970, were deeply concerned about committing their troops to a vaguely defined urban mission that could put their forces in direct contact with US citizens protesting racial injustice.

But Gen Milley and Mr McCarthy warned the Guard throughout the day that if it could not control the protests, Mr Trump would most likely call in the 82nd Airborne.

The pressure was particularly intense on the DC Guard, which had the only sizeable military force on the streets.

Both Mr McCarthy and Gen McConville pressed Maj-Gen William Walker, the commanding general of the DC National Guard, to increase his forces' presence in the city, according to a senior Defence Department official.

Maj-Gen Walker likes to call his troops "the President's Guard" and sometimes even the "Praetorian Guard" because of their unusual chain of command ultimately to the President.

He has close ties to the Trump White House: Maj-Gen Walker's top legal officer, Col Earl Matthews, once worked as a senior member of the National Security Council and left under the cloud of the Ukraine scandal last year.

By 5pm, June 1, Lt Jenkins-Bey's DC Guard troops had positioned themselves in a line behind the DC police just outside Lafayette Square.

The lieutenant had often reminded them that "this isn't a deployment against the enemy".

A few hours earlier, Mr Esper had told the nation's governors in a conference from the White House call with Mr Trump that troops controlling the protesters needed to dominate the "battle space".

Lt Jenkins-Bey made clear to his troops in the following days where he stood: "We're not here to dominate any battle spaces or anything like that, our job is simply to stand the line between the police and the citizens so that they can say what they need to say."

Mr McCarthy, who served in the Army's elite 75th Ranger Regiment during the war in Afghanistan, pored over maps and strategised with Guard and federal officials at a command post set up at the FBI's Washington field office in the city's Chinatown district.

This micromanagement was a last-ditch attempt to keep active-duty troops outside the city.

By then, National Guard troops from around the country were trickling in. Military officials scrambled to arrange transport planes to pick them up and fly them to Washington.

Most would not start arriving until Tuesday morning, but officials expressed confidence they had enough en route for Mr Esper and Gen Milley to tell the President that help was on the way.

But the 82nd Airborne units, based at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, along with a military police unit from Fort Drum, New York, were still on their way to Washington.

The question was, where should the Pentagon put the incoming combat troops?

Attorney-General William Barr quickly scuttled one proposal to place them at the Marine Barracks just a mile from the Capitol, saying he did not want the troops in the city.

Officials agreed on an alternative plan to deploy them to Fort Belvoir, in suburban Virginia.

Thirty minutes before 7pm, when Washington's curfew was to go into effect, US Park Police rushed into a crowd of protesters at Lafayette Square.

Lt Jenkins-Bey, in line with his troops behind the police officers, said he was taken by surprise as the assault began.

A National Guard update the following day summarised the events plainly: "Law enforcement cleared Lafayette Park with tear gas, rubber bullets, shields and horses prior to curfew which resulted in significant negative press."

After the assault, Gen Milley, clad in fatigues, walked across the park behind Mr Trump and his entourage for a photo opportunity at a nearby church. And, after that, low-flying helicopters sent protesters scattering.

"The reason you didn't see Guardsmen commanded by governors use heavy handed tactics in states is because it devalues them, and increases tension at a delicate moment," said Mr Jon Soltz, an Iraq war veteran who is the chairman of VoteVets.

"Guard who use those tactics in DC goes against every best practice they know."

He added that he was deeply disturbed that "Trump would force them into that position".

The next day, the news coverage was brutal. Several military officials said the sobering images from Monday night drained any lingering consideration for deploying active-duty troops - and marked an inflection point.

Officials felt "liquored up" on Monday, said one senior officer, but suffered the hangover the next morning.

Over the next several days, about 5,000 National Guard troops from nearly a dozen states rumbled into the city.

By Sunday, Mr Trump - under widespread criticism for the use of the heavy-handed tactics in Lafayette Square - ordered the Guard from other states to return home.

On Tuesday, during a conference call updating commanders on the situation in Washington, Mr Ryan, the task force commander for all Guard operations in the District of Columbia, likened the defence of Lafayette Square to the "Alamo" and his troops' response to the huge protests on Saturday to the "Super Bowl".

That military response has already had aftershocks for those in the DC Guard.

In one mass text sent on Sunday, Guard leadership told troops "to be wary of ordering food from outside sources as well as any conversations held while in public places".

"Please be vigilant that some of the DC public does not agree with our mission and may have nefarious intention toward our service members," the text said.