Switzerland paying poorer nations to cut emissions on its behalf

NEW YORK – Switzerland, one of the world’s richest nations, has an ambitious climate goal: It promises to cut its greenhouse gas emissions in half by 2030.

But the Swiss do not intend to reduce emissions by that much within their own borders. Instead, the European country is dipping into its sizeable coffers to pay poorer nations, such as Ghana or Dominica, to reduce emissions there – and give Switzerland credit for it.

Here is an example of how it would work: Switzerland is paying to install efficient lighting and cleaner stoves in up to five million households in Ghana; these installations will help households move away from burning wood for cooking and rein in greenhouse gas emissions.

Then Switzerland, not Ghana, will get to count those emissions reductions as progress towards its climate goals.

Ms Veronika Elgart, deputy head of international climate policy at the Federal Office for the Environment in Switzerland, said these sorts of arrangements could bring on additional climate action while benefiting the host countries.

Still, there are questions over whether this mechanism is fair – an issue at the heart of discussions at this week’s

United Nations climate conference in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt.

One of the main diplomatic sticking points centres on the extent to which rich nations should be compensating poorer countries for the damage caused by climate change, and helping them adapt, particularly since the wealthier world is disproportionately responsible for the carbon dioxide emissions warming the world.

Critics say that if other nations follow Switzerland’s lead, it could delay climate action in wealthier parts of the world while shifting the work of reducing emissions towards the global poor. In addition, it could take advantage of projects in poorer countries that would have proceeded anyway, with or without foreign funding.

“It is a way of passing on the responsibility to reduce emissions,” said Mr Crispin Gregoire, a former ambassador to the UN from Dominica, a tiny island nation of 72,000 people that made an agreement with Switzerland last year. “Instead of reducing emissions itself, Switzerland is going to other countries – ones that have very low emissions – to fulfil that obligation.”

At last year’s global climate summit in Glasgow, Scotland, Bolivian President Luis Arce called the idea tantamount to “carbon capitalism”.

The 2015 Paris Agreemen

t tentatively allowed countries to cooperate in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions. And nations have made progress in laying down some of the rules at global talks – for example, creating guidance to make sure that emissions reductions are not double counted.

But much of how that would actually work still needs to be fine-tuned, including how projects will be assessed and monitored. The issues are part of a wide-ranging agenda for climate negotiators gathered in Sharm el-Sheikh.

Switzerland has been explicit that it will not reach its emissions reduction targets on its own and that it needs to look for at least one-third of its cuts elsewhere. It already generates the bulk of its electricity using renewable energy – namely, hydroelectric and nuclear power – making further emissions cuts difficult.

Switzerland has so far signed pacts with eight nations – Peru, Ghana, Senegal, Georgia, Vanuatu, Dominica, Thailand and Ukraine – and is in talks with at least three more nations. Japan and Sweden have said they intend to pursue similar arrangements.

There is concern that deals such as these could end up funding projects that might have already been in the works, said Mr Thomas Day, an expert in carbon markets at the NewClimate Institute, an organisation in Cologne, Germany, that advocates bolder climate policies.

For example, the Swiss initially aimed to invest in making public buildings in Georgia more energy-efficient. But Georgia was already planning those upgrades.

This meant Switzerland would have received credit for emissions cuts that would have happened anyway, he said. Then, Georgia would have to take on more difficult or expensive projects to further meet its own targets, while, in effect, giving the Swiss credit for the easier work.

Rich nations such as Switzerland have an obligation to help developing nations without claiming something in return, said Ms Jade Begay, climate justice director at NDN Collective, an indigenous-led social and environmental organisation based in Rapid City, South Dakota.

The rule that allows such deals is “dangerous”, Ms Begay said, because it allows wealthier countries “to continue polluting, and to continue with business as usual, which is the root of the problem”.

Mr Mischa Classen, director at the KliK Foundation, a non-profit in Switzerland that is working with the government to implement the agreements, said Switzerland is now planning to fund more ambitious policies in Georgia, such as investing in energy efficiency for private homes.

And Georgia can authorise or reject projects covered under the agreement, Switzerland’s Ms Elgart said. Its partner countries are “in the driving seat”, she said.

Switzerland will also ensure that the projects would not have happened otherwise, she added. The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Georgia did not respond to a request for comment.

The debate comes as rich nations of the world face criticism for failing to compensate poorer nations as promised, so they can better adapt to warming temperatures.

According to an analysis by the Overseas Development Institute, Switzerland’s contributions to global climate funding fall almost 40 per cent short of what would be its share of an internationally agreed target of US$100 billion (S$140 billion) a year. It is also falling behind on its goals for emissions reductions under the Paris Agreement. NYTIMES