NEW YORK (AFP) - Tankers like those apparently attacked on Thursday (June 13) in the Gulf of Oman operate in increasingly treacherous waters, facing mounting dangers from piracy and collision as well as geopolitical hazards.
Around 60 million barrels of petroleum product move each day on the seas globally, according to the United States Energy Information Administration.
And around a third of this volume passes through the Straits of Hormuz, a critical shipping passage.
This waterway is a principal route for crude exports from Saudi Arabia, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Iraq. It is also a key route for natural gas exports from Qatar.
Other highly strategic waterways include the Strait of Malacca between Malaysia and Indonesia, the Suez Canal in Egypt and the Bab-el-Mandeb strait, which connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden.
"Blocking a chokepoint, even temporarily, can lead to substantial increases in total energy costs and world energy prices," said the Energy Information Administration in a 2017 report.
"Chokepoints also leave oil tankers vulnerable to theft from pirates, terrorist attacks, political unrest in the form of wars or hostilities and shipping accidents that can lead to disastrous oil spills."
Mr Alexander Booth, head of market analysis at Kpler, said tankers are accustomed to travelling with pirates in their midst, especially in areas like the Strait of Malacca and the Gulf of Aden near Somalia.
"Historically, the biggest military or terrorist threat is piracy," Mr Booth said. "Off the coasts of Somalia for instance, while they are going through certain areas, they would often broadcast the fact that they have guards on board."
Mr Booth said attacks such as those suspected on Thursday are very rare.
Thursday's incidents come about a month after attacks on four ships, including three oil tankers, anchored off the United Arab Emirates port of Fujairah. As with Thursday's incidents, the May attacks inflamed tensions between the US and Iran.
Mr Anthony Cordesman, a national security analyst at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), said Iran could do damage.
Iran "does not have to launch a major war", Mr Cordesman wrote in a commentary on CSIS' website. "It can conduct sporadic, low-level attacks that do not necessarily provoke a major US or Arab reaction but create sudden risk premiums in petroleum prices and the equivalent of a war of attrition."
Still, another risk has been Iran's move to shut off automatic identification systems to help tankers evade US sanctions on Iranian crude, said Mr Matt Smith of ClipperData.
Automatic identification systems, or AIS, are used by vessel traffic services and permits ships to know if other vessels are nearby.
"One new danger is the increased risk of collisions due to vessels switching off their AIS," Mr Smith said.
In January 2018, the Iranian-owned Sanchi tanker carrying 136,000 tonnes of light crude oil caught fire after colliding with a bulk freighter in a deadly crash.
Shipping companies are aware of this and can change course as a result, according to Mr Booth, who said routes can be shifted not just to shorten distances but also due to refinery activity, product specifications and economic factors.
"A cargo of products could turn around in the middle of the Atlantic half a dozen times before it actually ends up into its final destination," he said.
In all, some 94,000 freighters are navigating across the globe, according to the UN Conference on Trade and Development.
Ships carrying solid primary materials such as coal or grains represent the largest share of global maritime merchandise by tonnage, at 42.5 per cent. Those moving crude oil or processed product account for 30 per cent.
Another 5.6 per cent of maritime traffic is made up of tankers containing liquefied natural gas and chemical products.
