Fears grow that Iran may be using proxy groups beyond Middle East

New York – A criminal complaint against an Iraqi man that was unsealed in a US court on May 15, accusing him of plotting attacks in the US, has raised fears that Iran is increasingly wielding its proxy forces to target Western interests far beyond the Middle East.

Iran’s powerful Revolutionary Guards has tried to kill its opponents on American soil even before the war with the US, according to US officials.

The targets have ranged from US President Donald Trump to Ms Masih Alinejad, an Iranian critic of the regime living in exile in New York.

The accusations against Iraqi man Mohammad Baqer Saad Dawood al-Saadi describe him as a high-ranking figure in Kataib Hezbollah, an Iraqi militia backed by Iran.

The complaint has led to a heightened level of concern following a series of attacks in Europe that prosecutors said al-Saadi was involved in.

“They have expanded their scope into actual Western countries now, beyond just the war zone,” said Mr Aaron Zelin, an expert at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, referring to Kataib Hezbollah.

“It is significant because it would suggest that more vectors of Iran’s broader ‘Axis of Resistance’ are involved in attacking in the West,” he added.

According to the complaint, al-Saadi was involved in planning at least 20 attacks in Europe and Canada since the US-Israeli campaign against Iran began in late February, and was plotting attacks on US soil, including against Jewish institutions.

He was detained in Turkey recently and handed over to the US authorities, al-Saadi’s lawyer said in federal court in Manhattan on May 15.

Al-Saadi appeared in court on May 15 but did not enter a plea.

Sabereen News, an Iraqi outlet affiliated with Iranian-backed militias, said in a social media post that al-Saadi had been travelling through Turkey to Moscow when he was detained by Turkish security forces. The outlet shared what it said was a video of al-Saadi reassuring his family after his detention.

Much remains unclear about the case, which has yet to make its way through the courts.

Al-Saadi has not commented publicly on his alleged involvement with Kataib Hezbollah, although his lawyer said in court on May 15 that “he is a political prisoner and prisoner of war”.

Three people in Iraq who said they knew al-Saadi, including a senior Iraqi official, said that while he had ties to Iraqi militias and Iranian officials, they were not aware of his alleged membership in Kataib Hezbollah.

They spoke on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the case.

In the complaint, federal investigators supplied transcripts of phone calls in which they said al-Saadi had sought to plan attacks – including against “a Jewish temple” – and recruit operatives.

They also attached photos they said showed al-Saadi with senior Iranian officials, such as Qassem Soleimani, a senior Revolutionary Guards commander who was killed by the US in 2020.

The attacks included the firebombing of a synagogue in Belgium and another on the Bank of America building in Paris, the complaint said.

Many of the attacks had originally been claimed by a hitherto unknown group, calling itself Harakat Ashab Al-Yamin al-Islamiya.

Federal investigators, however, on May 15 said they had determined that it was essentially a front for Kataib Hezbollah.

The complaint says that al-Saadi planned to kill “Americans and Jews” in Los Angeles and Arizona, and that he had started planning an attack on a synagogue in New York City.

Since the war in Iran began in late February, Kataib Hezbollah has been involved in firing on the US Embassy in Iraq, as well as on oil installations in the Persian Gulf states. But its role appeared to be limited to the region.

With Iranian backing, the militia has grown into a hardline and powerful force that holds significant sway in Iraq.

Its fighters have killed American soldiers, kidnapped an American journalist and an Israeli academic, and fought to prop up the dictatorial government of deposed Syrian president Bashar al-Assad.

Iran began setting up its network of proxy militia forces across the Middle East – the so-called Axis of Resistance – in the late 1980s.

Hezbollah in Lebanon was long the most powerful member of the network, and the group has been accused of carrying out attacks abroad, most notoriously when an Argentinian court concluded that the organisation had carried out a deadly assault on a Jewish community centre in 1994 in Buenos Aires that killed more than 80 people. Both Hezbollah and Iran denied involvement.

Although the groups have their own leadership, they work in close coordination with the Revolutionary Guards and are unlikely to carry out any overseas operation that might blow back on Iran without a green light from Tehran, experts said.

The US, Israel and Iran are currently observing a fragile ceasefire in the war. Efforts by mediators, most prominently Pakistan, to reach a conclusive deal to end the war have stalled, with the two sides unable to agree on constraints on Iran’s nuclear programme.

Iran continues to blockade the Strait of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf, a critical waterway for global oil, driving up prices worldwide. US vessels have enforced their own blockade of Iranian ports.

Mr Trump has insisted that the US and Israel have devastated Iran’s military.

But US intelligence assessments suggest that Iran retains considerable fighting power should the countries return to open war. NYTIMES