Israel launched a strike on Iranian soil on April 19, sources said, in the latest of the tit-for-tat exchanges between the regional arch foes whose long-running shadow war has broken into the open.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had vowed his country would respond after Iran fired drones and missiles at Israel on April 13. Tehran's action, its first strike on Israel, had been in retaliation for a suspected Israeli air strike on Tehran's embassy compound in Damascus on April 1.

The exchanges are part of a wider escalation since the war in Gaza began in 2023, but the two nations' enmity stretches back decades, through a history of shadow wars and clandestine attacks by land, sea, air and cyberspace.

1979 - Iran's pro-Western leader Mohammed Reza Shah, who regarded Israel as an ally, is swept from power in an Islamic Revolution that installs a new theocratic regime with opposition to Israel an ideological imperative.

1982 - As Israel invades Lebanon, Iran's Revolutionary Guards work with fellow Shi'ite Muslims there to set up Hezbollah. Israel will eventually see the armed group as the most dangerous adversary on its borders.

1983 - Iran-backed Hezbollah uses suicide bombings to expel Western and Israeli forces from Lebanon. In November, a car packed with explosives drives into the headquarters of the Israeli military. Israel later withdraws from much of Lebanon.

1992-94 - Argentina and Israel accuse Iran and Hezbollah of being behind suicide bombings on Israel's embassy in Buenos Aires in 1992 and a Jewish centre in the city in 1994, each of which killed dozens of people.

Iran and Hezbollah deny responsibility.

2002 - The revelation that Iran has a secret uranium enrichment programme prompts concern that it is trying to build a nuclear weapon, which it denies. Israel urges tough action against Tehran.

2006 - Israel fights Hezbollah in a month-long war in Lebanon but is unable to crush the heavily armed group.

2009 - In a speech, Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei calls Israel “a dangerous and fatal cancer”.

2010 - Stuxnet, a malicious computer virus widely believed to have been developed by the United States and Israel, is used to attack a uranium enrichment facility at Iran's Natanz nuclear site – the first publicly known cyber attack on industrial machinery.

2012 - Iranian nuclear scientist Mostafa Ahmadi-Roshan is killed by a bomb placed on his car by a motorcyclist in Tehran.

A city official blames Israel for the attack.

2018 - Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu hails US President Donald Trump’s withdrawal from Iran’s nuclear deal with world powers after years of lobbying against the agreement, calling the decision “a historic move”.

In May, Israel says it has struck Iranian military infrastructure in Syria – where Tehran was backing President Bashar al-Assad in the civil war – after Iranian forces there fired rockets at the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.

2020 - Israel welcomes the assassination of General Qassem Soleimani, commander of the overseas arm of Iran's Revolutionary Guards, in an American drone strike in Baghdad. Iran strikes back with missile attacks on Iraqi bases housing American troops. About 100 US military personnel are injured.

2021 - Iran blames Israel for the assassination of Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, viewed by Western intelligence services as the mastermind of a covert Iranian programme to develop nuclear weapons capability.

Tehran has long denied any such ambition.

2022 - US President Joe Biden and Israeli Prime Minister Yair Lapid sign a joint pledge to deny Iran nuclear arms in a show of unity by allies long divided over diplomacy with Tehran.

The undertaking, part of a “Jerusalem Declaration” crowning Mr Biden’s first visit to Israel as president, comes a day after he tells a local TV station he is open to “last resort” use of force against Iran – an apparent move towards accommodating Israel’s calls for a “credible military threat” by world powers.

2024 - A suspected Israeli air strike on the Iranian embassy compound in Damascus kills seven Islamic Revolutionary Guard officers, including two senior commanders. Israel neither confirms nor denies responsibility.

Iran responds with a barrage of drones and missiles in an unprecedented direct attack on Israeli territory on April 13.

This prompts Israel to launch a strike on Iranian soil on April 19, sources familiar with the matter say. REUTERS