How Europe got stuck between Xi’s China and Trump’s America

BRUSSELS – It once looked to many as if US President Donald Trump could be a reason for Europe and China to bring their economies closer.

His planned tariffs did little to distinguish the European Union (EU), a long-time ally of the United States, from China, the principal challenger to American primacy.

It has not turned out that way.

Instead, the EU finds itself in a geopolitical chokehold between the world’s two largest economies.

In Brussels, officials are trying to secure a rough trade deal with their American counterparts before Mr Trump hits the bloc with high, across-the-board tariffs that could clobber the bloc’s economy.

At the same time, EU policymakers are trying to prod their counterparts in Beijing to stop supporting Russia, to stop helping Chinese industry with so much state money and to slow the flow of cheap goods into the EU.

But at a moment of upheaval in the global trading system, the bloc also needs to keep its relationship with China, the world’s leading manufacturing superpower, on a relatively stable footing.

Leaders from the EU are scheduled to be in Beijing for a summit in late July, plans for which have been in flux. Hopes for the gathering are low.

Even as China pushes the idea that Mr Trump’s hostility to multilateral trade is prodding Europe into its arms, Europe’s problems with China are only growing.

“There is no China card for Europe,” said Dr Liana Fix, a fellow for Europe at the Council on Foreign Relations.

Tensions were on full display last week

, when Mr Wang Yi, China’s foreign minister, visited Brussels for meetings in the run-up to the summit.

China portrayed the tone as productive and dismissed the notion that the two sides had conflicts. EU officials stressed lingering pain points, including trade imbalances.

The EU recently moved to curb government spending on medical devices from China, arguing that Chinese government agencies had been treating European companies unfairly and that it was necessary to level the playing field.

China announced

on July 6

that it would retaliate

.

Yet the EU remains in a delicate dance with China. Economic ties between the two economies are extensive.

Many European countries remain heavily dependent on China for industrial materials. European exports to China remain substantial, especially from Germany, which has long had close trade ties with China.

But Europe’s exports have been dwindling, even as Chinese imports into the bloc have been surging. As cheap products from the fast fashion retailers Shein and Temu flood into European markets, policymakers have been working to tighten restrictions on such imports.

European leaders regularly complain that China’s state-controlled banks subsidise the country’s manufacturers so heavily that European companies cannot compete.

Nor are Europe’s complaints unique to trade. European Union officials are angry about China’s support for Russia during the war in Ukraine, providing a market for Russian fuel and other products that has blunted the bite of European sanctions.

The EU’s aim cannot be to cut ties with China, according to the Danish foreign minister, Lars Lokke Rasmussen.

“It is about engaging on a more equal footing and being more transactional in our approach,” he said, speaking at a briefing with reporters on July 4.

As the US upends the global trading system in a bid to shrink its trade deficit, raise revenue and re-shore domestic manufacturing, the EU finds itself in a lonely place.

It is a bloc of 27 nations that together make the world’s third-largest economy. The EU was devised to promote commerce across borders and remains a powerful defender of free trade.

Europe wants to “show to the world that free trade with a large number of countries is possible on a rules-based foundation”, Dr Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Union’s executive branch, said at a news conference in June.

The EU has already deepened its trading relationships with like-minded countries like Switzerland and Canada. Dr von der Leyen suggested that it could go a step further.

It could pursue a new collaboration between the bloc and a trading group of 11 countries that includes Japan, Vietnam and Australia, but that notably does not include the US or China.

Yet even as Dr von der Leyen tries to go on the offensive, EU officials have spent months on a far more defensive footing.

That is because even as the EU takes issue with the policies coming out of the US and China, it is also being battered by – and torn between – the two.

No matter the outcome of its trade talks with the Trump administration, the EU is expected to end up with higher tariffs on its exports to the US than it faced at the start of 2025.

American officials have said repeatedly that 10 per cent across-the-board levies are not negotiable.

Officials are also likely to be compelled to make concessions to secure an agreement. Those include a possible commitment to taking a tougher stance towards China.

The EU agrees with Mr Trump that China has pursued unfair trading practices. Yet the bloc can push China only so far, given how intertwined the economies are.

China has recently offered the EU a damaging reminder of that reality.

In response to US tariffs, China limited global exports of rare earth magnets, which are critical to producing a range of goods from cars and drones to factory robots and missiles.

Because China dominates rare earth production, it can inflict serious pain on its trading partners with such limitations.

European policymakers initially hoped that China’s restrictions would mainly affect American companies. But European firms have also faced long delays in getting China to approve its purchases of rare earths.

The slowdown is caused not only by logistical kinks as China works through a queue of applications. Instead, it appears to be tied to a longer-standing trade flashpoint between Europe and China.

The Chinese government has for years required that foreign companies share or transfer technology to their Chinese partners as a condition for entering the China market.

Recently, European carmakers and other companies have found themselves far behind their Chinese competitors, which have led the development of electric cars, solar panels and other technologies.

Given that, EU officials have been pressing Chinese companies to transfer technology as part of the price of admission to the European market.

The EU has also joined the US in restricting the shipment to China of equipment to make the fastest semiconductors, which have military as well as civilian applications.

That has annoyed Chinese officials. China’s minister of commerce, Mr Wang Wentao, called for Europe to cancel controls on high-tech exports to China as part of discussions on a resumption of rare earth supplies.

“Minister Wang Wentao expressed the hope that the EU will meet us halfway and take effective measures to facilitate, safeguard and promote the compliant trade of high-tech products to China,” the Ministry of Commerce said in a statement in June.

At the Beijing summit in July, European officials are likely to keep pushing Chinese officials for more consistent access to rare earths.

Mr Jens Eskelund, the president of the European Union Chamber of Commerce in China, said the chamber also wants the meetings to focus on trying to persuade Chinese officials on the need for more transparent and predictable regulations and to address how hard it has become for foreign companies to do business in China.

But the outlook for meaningful changes, or anything that draws Europe and China closer, is dim. The tone coming from Europe is not positive.

Dr von der Leyen, in a speech at the Group of 7 meeting in Canada in June, said China was engaged in a cycle of “dominance, dependency and blackmail”. NYTIMES