Deep sea mining opponents suffer major setback

UNITED NATIONS – Opponents of deep sea mining suffered a serious setback on Aug 2 when they failed to take a first step towards an international moratorium on the controversial practice.

Until now, those in favour of such mining – which would

deliver minerals key to the green transition

but with a potentially high environmental cost – have managed to prevent the International Seabed Authority (ISA) from even taking up any debate on the subject.

This time, the debate took place but a draft calling for a “dialogue” towards “the development of a general policy... for the protection and preservation of the marine environment” did not advance after a week of talks in Kingston, Jamaica.

Numerous delegations, from China to Saudi Arabia to the Africa group of member states, said the draft lacked clarity and that the ISA’s full assembly of 168 members was not at the forum to make any decision on the protection of marine habitats.

Instead, those countries said the ISA’s Council, made up of 36 states, should decide.

Faced with consistent opposition, Chile withdrew the draft measure as the assembly’s annual session – which makes decisions by consensus – drew to a close.

“We are somewhat disappointed,” said Chilean representative Salvador Vega Telias. Though he believed he had support from a majority of states, he opted to shelve the discussions until July 2025 – a proposal that was not approved either.

Deep sea mining in international waters involves scraping the ocean floor for minerals like nickel, cobalt and copper, crucial for renewable energy technology.

Under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the ISA is responsible for protecting the seabed in areas beyond national jurisdictions, and overseeing any exploration or exploitation of resources in those zones.

Deep sea mining has not yet taken place beyond the experimental and exploratory stage.

The ISA’s Council, which for now grants only exploration contracts, has been drawing up commercial exploitation rules for more than a decade. It is aiming to adopt a mining code in 2025.

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and scientists warn that deep sea mining could damage habitats and harm species that are little understood, but are potentially important to the food chain.

In addition, they point to the risk of disrupting the ocean’s capacity to absorb carbon emitted by human activities, and the noise that could disturb species such as whales.

However, multiple countries have lined up exploratory contracts and pursued tests.

Nauru, a tiny Pacific island country, has successfully pushed the ISA to allow exploitation applications to be submitted, even in the absence of a mining code.

The clock is ticking as Canada’s The Metals Company – an industry giant – and Nauru Ocean Resources (Nori), its subsidiary, move forward with plans to harvest mineral-rich “polymetallic nodules” in the Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone in the Pacific.

An application from the Nauru government on behalf of Nori to start commercial mining is being prepared for submission to the ISA.

“The responsible development of deep sea minerals is not just an opportunity for Nauru and other small island developing states,” Nauru President David Adeang said earlier this week. “It is a necessity for our survival in a rapidly changing world.”

More than 30 countries have called for a moratorium on deep sea mining, including France, Canada, Chile, Brazil and Britain.

A new study published in July showed that the mineral-rich nodules that mining companies wish to harvest from the ocean floor produce oxygen.

The groundbreaking study was the first instance of the production of oxygen by non-living sources, and without sunlight.

“Public demand and political support for stopping deep sea mining from harming the oceans has never been stronger,” Ms Louisa Casson, a campaigner with international NGO Greenpeace, told AFP.

“With the threat of a company applying to mine the oceans hanging over us all, it’s clear that we need far greater urgency from governments at the ISA to turn these words into action.”

In that context, NGOs applauded the election of Brazil’s Ms Leticia Carvalho to replace Mr Michael Lodge of Britain as the ISA’s secretary general as of January 2025.

He had been criticised for his pro-business stances, and was also under fire after a New York Times investigation accused the ISA’s leadership of misusing funds – claims that the ISA Secretariat has denied.

“This is a new chapter,” the Deep Sea Conservation Coalition posted on X. “Reforming the ISA to protect and manage the deep sea for the benefit of humankind is crucial.” AFP