AI has created a new global digital divide
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The split is influencing geopolitics and global economics and creating new dependencies.
PHOTO: REUTERS
Adam Satariano and Paul Mozur
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In May, Mr Sam Altman, the chief executive of the artificial intelligence (AI) company OpenAI, donned a helmet, work boots and a luminescent high-visibility vest to visit the construction site of the company’s new data centre project in Texas.
Bigger than New York’s Central Park, the estimated US$60 billion (S$77 billion) project, which has its own natural gas plant, will be one of the most powerful computing hubs ever created when completed as soon as 2026.
Around the same time as Mr Altman’s visit to Texas, Professor Nicolas Wolovick, a computer science professor at the National University of Cordoba in Argentina, was running what counts as one of his country’s most advanced AI computing hubs. It was in a converted room at the university, where wires snaked between ageing AI chips and server computers.
“Everything is becoming more split,” Prof Wolovick said. “We are losing.”
AI has created a new digital divide, fracturing the world between nations with the computing power for building cutting-edge AI systems and those without.
The split is influencing geopolitics and global economics, creating new dependencies and prompting a desperate rush to not be excluded from a technology race that could reorder economies, drive scientific discovery and change the way that people live and work.
The biggest beneficiaries by far are the US, China and the European Union. Those regions host more than half of the world’s most powerful data centres, which are used for developing the most complex AI systems, according to data compiled by Oxford University researchers.
Only 32 countries, or about 16 per cent of nations, have these large facilities filled with microchips and computers, giving them what is known in industry parlance as “compute power”.
The US and China
In contrast, Africa and South America have almost no AI computing hubs, while India has at least five and Japan at least four, according to the Oxford data. More than 150 countries have nothing.
Today’s AI data centres dwarf their predecessors, which powered simpler tasks like e-mail and video streaming. Vast, power-hungry and packed with powerful chips, these hubs cost billions to build and require infrastructure that not every country can provide.
With ownership concentrated among a few tech giants, the effects of the gap between those with such computing power and those without it are already playing out.
The world’s most used AI systems, which power chatbots like OpenAI’s ChatGPT, are more proficient and accurate in English and Chinese, languages spoken in the countries where the compute power is concentrated.
Tech giants with access to the top equipment are using AI to process data, automate tasks and develop new services. Scientific breakthroughs, including drug discovery and gene editing, rely on powerful computers. AI-powered weapons are making their way onto battlefields.
Nations with little or no AI compute power are running into limits in scientific work, in the growth of young companies and in talent retention. Some officials have become alarmed by how the need for computing resources has made them beholden to foreign corporations and governments.
“Oil-producing countries have had an oversized influence on international affairs; in an AI-powered near future, compute producers could have something similar, since they control access to a critical resource,” said Professor Vili Lehdonvirta, an Oxford professor who conducted the research on AI data centres with his colleagues Zoe Jay Hawkins and Boxi Wu.
AI computing power is so precious that the components in data centres, such as microchips, have become a crucial part of foreign and trade policies for China and the US, which are jockeying for influence in the Persian Gulf, South-east Asia and elsewhere. At the same time, some countries are beginning to pour public funds into AI infrastructure, aiming for more control over their technological futures.
The Oxford researchers mapped the world’s AI data centres, information that companies and governments often keep secret. To create a representative sample, they went through the customer websites of nine of the world’s biggest cloud service providers to see what compute power was available and where their hubs were at the end of 2024.
The companies were the US firms Amazon, Google and Microsoft; China’s Tencent, Alibaba and Huawei; and Europe’s Exoscale, Hetzner and OVHcloud.
The research does not include every data centre worldwide, but the trends were unmistakable. US companies operated
Inside the data centres, most of the chips – the foundational components for making calculations – were from US chipmaker Nvidia.
“We have a computing divide at the heart of the AI revolution,” said Mr Lacina Kone, the director-general of Smart Africa, which coordinates digital policy across the continent. It’s not merely a hardware problem. It’s the sovereignty of our digital future.”
‘Sometimes I want to cry’
There has long been a tech gap between rich and developing countries. Over the past decade, cheap smartphones, expanding internet coverage and flourishing app-based businesses led some experts to conclude that the divide was diminishing.
In 2024, 68 per cent of the world’s population used the internet, up from 33 per cent in 2012, according to the International Telecommunication Union, a United Nations agency.
With a computer and knowledge of coding, getting a company off the ground became cheaper and easier. That lifted tech industries across the world, be they mobile payments in Africa or ride hailing in South-east Asia.
But in April, the UN warned that the digital gap would widen without action on AI. Just 100 companies, mostly in the US and China, were behind 40 per cent of global investment in the technology, the UN said.
The biggest tech companies, it added, were “gaining control over the technology’s future”.
The gap stems partly from a component everyone wants: a microchip known as a graphics processing unit, or GPU. The chips require multibillion-dollar factories to produce.
Packed into data centres by the thousands and mostly made by Nvidia
Obtaining these pieces of silicon is difficult. As demand has increased, prices for the chips have soared, and everyone wants to be at the front of the line for orders. Adding to the challenges, these chips then need to be corralled into giant data centres that guzzle up dizzying amounts of power and water.
Many wealthy nations have access to the chips in data centres, but other countries are being left behind, according to interviews with more than two dozen tech executives and experts across 20 countries.
Renting computing power from faraway data centres is common but can lead to challenges, including high costs, slower connection speeds, compliance with different laws, and vulnerability to the whims of US and Chinese companies.
Qhala, a start-up in Kenya, illustrates the issues. The company, founded by a former Google engineer, is building an AI system known as a large language model that is based on African languages.
But Qhala has no nearby computing power and rents from data centres outside Africa. Employees cram their work into the morning, when most American programmers are sleeping, so there is less traffic and faster speeds to transfer data across the world.
“Proximity is essential,” said Dr Shikoh Gitau, 44, Qhala’s founder.
“If you don’t have the resources for compute to process the data and to build your AI models, then you can’t go anywhere,” said Ms Kate Kallot, a former Nvidia executive and the founder of Amini, another AI start-up in Kenya.
In the US, by contrast, Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Meta and OpenAI have pledged to spend more than US$300 billion in 2025, much of it on AI infrastructure
Harvard University’s Kempner Institute, which focuses on AI, has more computing power than all African-owned facilities on that continent combined, according to one survey of the world’s largest supercomputers.
Mr Brad Smith, Microsoft’s president, said many countries wanted more computing infrastructure as a form of sovereignty. But closing the gap will be difficult, particularly in Africa, where many places do not have reliable electricity, he said.
Microsoft, which is building a data centre in Kenya with a company in the United Arab Emirates, G42, chooses data centre locations based largely on market need, electricity and skilled labour.
“The AI era runs the risk of leaving Africa even further behind,” Mr Smith said.
Mr Jay Puri, Nvidia’s executive vice-president for global business, said the company was also working with various countries to build out their AI offerings.
“It is absolutely a challenge,” he said.
Mr Chris Lehane, OpenAI’s vice-president of global affairs, said the company had started a programme to adapt its products for local needs and languages. A risk of the AI divide, he said, is that “the benefits don’t get broadly distributed, they don’t get democratised”.
Tencent, Alibaba, Huawei, Google, Amazon, Hetzner and OVHcloud declined to comment.
The gap has led to brain drains. In Argentina, Prof Wolovick, 51, the computer science professor, cannot offer much computer power. His top students regularly leave for the US or Europe, where they can get access to GPUs, he said.
“Sometimes I want to cry, but I don’t give up,” he said. “I keep talking to people and saying, ‘I need more GPUs. I need more GPUs.’”
If you build it
Alarmed by the concentration of AI power, many countries and regions are trying to close the gap. They are providing access to land and cheaper energy, fast-tracking development permits and using public funds and other resources to acquire chips and construct data centres. The goal is to create “sovereign AI” available to local businesses and institutions.
In India, the government is subsidising compute power and the creation of an AI model proficient in the country’s languages. In Africa, governments are discussing collaborating on regional compute hubs. Brazil has pledged US$4 billion on AI projects.
“Instead of waiting for AI to come from China, the US, South Korea, Japan, why not have our own?” Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva said in 2024 when he proposed the investment plan.
Even in Europe, there is growing concern that US companies control most of the data centres. In February, the European Union outlined plans to invest €200 billion (S$299 billion) for AI projects, including new data centres across the 27-nation bloc.
Mr Mathias Nobauer, the CEO of Exoscale, a cloud computing provider in Switzerland, said many European businesses want to reduce their reliance on US tech companies. Such a change will take time and “doesn’t happen overnight”, he said.
Still, closing the divide is likely to require help from the US or China. NYTIMES
