How serious is the Russia-China threat to Japan?

In the event of a Sino-Japanese crisis over disputed islands or Taiwan, Russia can have a decisive impact without direct military involvement.

A joint Sino-Russian naval exercise codenamed "Northern/Interaction 2023" in the Sea of Japan in late July. PHOTO: REUTERS
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The Cabinet of Prime Minister Fumio Kishida approved Japan’s latest defence White Paper on July 28. One notable feature was the description of Russia’s “strategic coordination with China” as an issue of “strong security concern”.

This is a strengthening of Tokyo’s language from previous years. However, what is the precise nature of the threat posed to Japan by joint military activities between its large, authoritarian neighbours?

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