Vet Talk: In hot weather, be vigilant about heatstroke in dogs and cats

SINGAPORE – As temperatures rise, pet owners must be extra vigilant to protect their furry companions from the dangers of heatstroke.

Heatstroke occurs when an animal’s body temperature rises to dangerous levels, often due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures or vigorous exercise.

With mortality rates reaching up to 50 per cent, it is crucial to recognise the warning signs and know how to respond.

Heatstroke can result from environmental factors such as high temperatures and humidity or physical exertion from activities like running along a hot beach.

Risk factors for heatstroke

Certain factors increase a pet’s susceptibility to heatstroke:
Obesity: Excess body weight is insulation, making it harder for pets to cool down.
Breed: Brachycephalic dog breeds, such as the French bulldog and pug, are at greater risk due to their shortened airways.
Environmental temperature and humidity: Singapore’s high humidity reduces the efficacy of evaporative cooling through panting in dogs.
Lack of acclimation: Dogs newly arrived from cooler climates could be more susceptible.
Age and health: Older dogs and those with respiratory issues are at greater risk.

Recognising clinical signs

Heatstroke is a medical emergency. Watch out for these symptoms:

Immediate cooling measures

If you suspect your pet has heatstroke, act quickly to:
1. Move the pet to a cool, shaded area.
2. Apply cool water to its body, but avoid ice-cold or refrigerated water. Tap water is acceptable, and water from a shower head or garden hose works as well. Make sure the animal’s head is not submerged in water. Avoid applying ice directly on the skin, as this can be harmful rather than helpful. You can also use a fan to aid evaporation.
3. Measure its rectal temperature if possible. It can be monitored every five to 15 minutes. Stop cooling the pet once its temperature reaches 39.5 deg C. The normal rectal temperature for dogs and cats is around 38.5 deg C, but you do not want to over-cool your pet as its temperature can drop too low.
4. Take your pet to the vet, even if it seems to have recovered. 

The primary goal of cooling is to minimise cell damage, although it does not counteract the inflammatory response triggered by heatstroke.

Once at the veterinary clinic, your pet will be thoroughly assessed and emergency interventions might include oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids and careful temperature management.

The key message to remember is: Cool first, transport second. Your prompt action can significantly improve your pet’s chances of recovery.

Preventing heatstroke

Prevention is better than cure. Follow these guidelines to keep your pet safe:
1. Walk during cooler hours. Early morning or late evening walks minimise heat exposure.
2. Do the seven-second pavement test. Place the back of your hand on the pavement and hold it there for seven seconds. If you cannot comfortably hold your hand there for the full seven seconds, the pavement is likely too hot for your dog’s paw.
3. Ensure access to water and air-conditioning or good ventilation. Consider dog cooling vests. 
4. Keep your dog groomed regularly, as shorter coats are more cooling and comfortable.
5. Never leave your pet in the car. Temperatures inside parked cars can skyrocket within minutes.

Cats and heatstroke

Heatstroke is rarer in cats but can occur if it is trapped on a sun-exposed balcony. 

By understanding the risks, recognising symptoms early and taking immediate action, you can protect your beloved pets from the potentially fatal effects of heatstroke while enjoying the sunshine with them.