People likely eat far less fibre than their ancestors, and that is a problem

NEW YORK – Decades of research have shown that fibre-rich diets offer a range of health benefits, including healthier guts, longer lives and reduced risks of chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes and some types of cancer.

Yet time and again, national surveys have found that few people in the United States are consuming enough fibre.

From 2015 to 2018, one study showed, just 4 per cent of men and 12 per cent of women met fibre recommendations – at least 21 to 38g a day, depending on a person’s age and sex.

That is far less fibre than what people’s ancestors likely consumed, said Dr Stephen O’Keefe, a gastroenterologist and professor of medicine at the University of Pittsburgh.

Contemporary hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, for example, were estimated to have consumed as much as 100g a day.

The collective fibre deficiency is partly because of modern food processing that strips foods of much of their fibre, he said. And as a result, people are probably missing out on many benefits.

Dietary fibres belong to a large group of carbohydrates that the digestive systems cannot break down, said food science and nutrition professor Joanne Slavin at the University of Minnesota.

Unlike sugars and starches, which are digested and absorbed in the small intestine, fibre travels on through the gut, and affects the body differently depending on what type of fibre it is, she said.

Some fibres, for example, form a gel-like substance that slows the movement of food through the digestive tract and can reduce blood sugar spikes and lower cholesterol, said dietetics professor Kevin Whelan at King’s College London.

Other fibres can feed the gut microbes, he said, contributing to a healthy gut microbiome. And still others can add bulk to digestive material and prevent constipation.

Benefits to health

In one review of 185 studies published in 2019, researchers compared people who followed higher fibre diets with those who followed lower ones.

They found that those who consumed the most fibre were 16 per cent less likely to develop Type 2 diabetes or colorectal cancer and 31 per cent less likely to die of coronary heart disease during the study period.

Consuming 25 to 29g a day was enough to reap most of those benefits, the study authors concluded.

In clinical trials, high-fibre diets also lowered people’s blood pressures, cholesterol levels and body weights.

Fibre-rich diets tend to be high in vitamins, minerals and healthful plant-based compounds, which may explain why fibre supplements are unlikely to offer as many benefits as high-fibre diets, said registered dietitian nutritionist Emily Haller at Michigan Medicine.

A growing body of evidence also suggests that diets high in fibre-rich, plant-based foods could support a healthy gut microbiome, Dr O’Keefe said, which has been associated with improved appetite regulation, reduced inflammation and anti-cancer effects.

Food and supplements

How can you increase your fibre intake?

First, take a “low and slow” approach, Ms Haller said.

If you typically consume about 15g of fibre each day, for example, try increasing that to 20g and giving your body a week or so to adjust before adding more.

Drinking plenty of water can help ease the transition.

Too much fibre at once can result in bloating and gas, leaving a mistaken impression that you cannot tolerate much fibre, she said.

You can find fibre in any whole or minimally processed plant-based foods, including legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, fruit and vegetables.

Eating a variety of these foods will give you the benefits of the different fibre types, Prof Whelan said.

If you cannot meet your fibre goals with whole foods alone, “by all means, add a supplement”, he said.

For the most health benefits, choose a supplement that contains several fibre types rather than just one, he suggested.

To address a specific concern, such as constipation or high cholesterol, consult your healthcare provider about the most appropriate fibre supplement for you, Ms Haller said.

Also, be aware that some fibre supplements, such as psyllium, can interfere with the absorption of certain medications, so they should be taken several hours apart.

It is also common for people to lean more on fibre supplements as they age, Prof Slavin said.

Older adults may be more susceptible to constipation if they are less physically active or have a more limited diet, and a daily fibre supplement can be a big help, she said.

“If we keep our gut happy, we can be happy,” Prof Slavin said. “And fibre is a big piece of that.” NYTIMES