MANILA - A top soft drink-maker with no sugar, a burger joint out of onion and kitchens short of salt underscore the dependence of the Philippines on food imports and illustrate some of the cost pressures fuelling inflation.

The country not only buys sugar, salt and garlic from abroad but also imports a raft of other food commodities such as rice, wheat, corn and soybean meal, and that is after global farm prices surged to a record this year on the back of lower world supply caused by drought, heat and Russia's invasion of Ukraine.

Inflation in the Philippines is near the highest level since 2018, partly because of elevated food and transport costs. While more expensive imports have contributed to the rise, local drivers such as devastating storms, import policy reversals and hoarding have also played their part.

Food policy has become such a core concern for the government that President Ferdinand Marcos Jr has taken on the role of agriculture secretary and is proposing a 44 per cent hike in the department's budget to prioritise farming.

The Philippines is one of the Asian countries most at risk from volatile farm prices because food makes up almost half its inflation basket and the nation imports a hefty chunk of its needs, according to Moody's Investors Service.

In a clear sign of the sugar shortage, Coca-Cola Beverages Philippines said in August it had halted operations at four plants because there is no sweetener available. Mr Juan Lorenzo Tanada, its corporate and regulatory affairs director, told senators that the beverage industry needs at least 450,000 tonnes of premium refined bottler-grade sugar to operate at full capacity for the rest of the year, and imports would prevent companies from laying off workers.

Burger King Philippines said in a social media post last month that it is offering customers extra lettuce and tomato in exchange for onion, which it said is "a bit hard to come by these days".

"The food items having shortages are very close to the Filipino kitchen," said political science associate professor Jean Franco from the University of the Philippines. "People will judge Marcos based on whether the prices actually go down."

Some of the products in short supply:

Sugar

The nation missed its sugar production target after weather and high fertiliser costs cut harvests. Imports early in the year were delayed by a court order requested by producers who said the overseas purchases were poorly timed.

In August, the sugar regulator approved a plan to import as much as 300,000 tonnes, but this was overturned by Mr Marcos a day later. In a further apparent reversal, Mr Marcos said later that the country was indeed looking to import sugar to tame price increases. Still, the government has said the shortage is artificial and caused by traders hoarding supply.

Salt

Even though the Philippines is an archipelago with thousands of kilometres of coastline, salt is in short supply. The country imports more than 90 per cent of its needs because production has declined over the years.

Business leaders said a law some years ago that required the addition of iodine to salt killed the industry. The Agriculture Department is looking at ways to revive it.

Onion, garlic

Senator Imee Marcos, the President's sister, asked the Agriculture Department to conduct an inventory of white onion after prices soared. The department said the outlook for supplies, including red onion, is sufficient, but it is studying whether there is a deficit in the white variety.

The department plans to confiscate white onion and sugar stockpiles suspected of being hoarded and sell them to the public at lower prices, Undersecretary Domingo Panganiban said in a television interview.

The country also imports much of the garlic it consumes, and the government is looking to boost local production.

Corn, wheat, rice

The country is a chronic importer of corn and soya bean meal, used for animal feed, and rice and wheat. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) forecasts overseas corn purchases to rise by half to 900,000 tonnes in 2022-23 from 12 months earlier, a record in data going back to 1960-61.

Soya bean meal purchases have held above 2.6 million tonnes every year since 2015-16. The nation is the world's biggest rice importer after China, and a major wheat buyer, USDA data showed. BLOOMBERG