NEW YORK (AFP) - The Federal Reserve on Thursday (March 12) massively increased its efforts to keep the economy on track and quell the growing uncertainty caused by the coronavirus pandemic, injecting US$1.5 trillion (S$2 trillion) of cash into markets this week.
But economists warn the central bank's actions will not be sufficient without government firepower in the form of aggressive spending.
The Fed's actions were reminiscent of the worst days of the 2008 global financial crisis, when the central bank used all of its tools and created new ones to try to stop the economy's freefall.
For the third time in a week, the New York Federal Reserve Bank announced a huge increase to its cash injections into American financial markets, and also broadened a plan to buy US Treasury debt, a move economists are calling "quantitative easing" - the strategy used during the global financial crisis to provide stimulus and keep borrowing costs low.
The New York Fed will offer US$500 billion in three-month loans, called repurchase agreements or "repos" on Thursday and Friday, and US$500 billion in one-month repos on Friday. Then over the coming month, it will provide US$500 billion a week each of one- and three-month repos.
Those amounts are on top of at least US$175 billion daily in overnight funding, and twice-weekly offers of at least US$45 billion in two-week repos.
"These changes are being made to address highly unusual disruptions in Treasury financing markets associated with the coronavirus outbreak," the New York Fed said in a statement.
"This is a full-blown crisis response operation, intended to make it abundantly clear that the Fed will not allow liquidity to dry up," Ian Shepherdson, chief economist of Pantheon Macroeconomics, said in a note.
'FISCAL BAZOOKA'
The Fed uses the money market to keep the central bank's policy interest rate - the federal funds rate - in line with the desired range.
Financial institutions use money markets to borrow for very short periods, from one day to a year, a crucial function to keep the gears of the economy running.
The bank said operations "will be adjusted as needed to foster smooth Treasury market functioning."
In addition to the moves to ensure markets have sufficient liquidity to operate amid the virus fears, the New York Fed said starting Friday it will buy longer term US Treasury debt, rather than just 3- and 6-month bills. It has been buying short term Treasuries at a rate of US$60 billion a month since mid-October.
"We applaud the Fed's actions as they are necessary, but unfortunately... it is not sufficient," Kathy Bostjancic of Oxford Economics told AFP.
"The Fed likely will end up slashing interest rates to the effective lower bound and greatly ramping up QE. But most importantly (we) need effective leadership from the White House and Congress that includes appropriate fiscal policy."
The Fed last week made an emergency cut in the benchmark borrowing rate, lowering it by a half-point to 1.0-1.25 percent to boost confidence in the face of increasing concerns the spread of Covid-19 could impact the US and global economies.
But as those fears have been realised and more disruptions ripple across the country, impacting airlines, hotels, restaurants and Broadway, economists say policymakers could deliver an even larger rate cut March 18 following the bank's regularly scheduled two-day meeting, with some saying the level could be slashed to zero, where it was during the global financial crisis.
The Fed's actions "should limit the damage," Shepherdson said. "Now it's up to Congress to fire the fiscal bazooka, the bigger and quicker the better."
US President Donald Trump last signed a Bill with US$8 billion in emergency funding, but that largely goes to medical equipment, medication and testing supplies for state and local governments.
He has called for a payroll tax cut but Congress is divided over what additional steps should be included in a stimulus bill, after Republicans rejected the Democratic plan that would include funding for lost wages and paid sick leave, as well as expanded unemployment benefits.
