Nike’s 30-year gamble on Vietnam rattled by Trump tariffs
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Executives have been left with a costly conundrum across Asia, where nearly all Nike sneakers are made.
PHOTO: AFP
NEW YORK - At Nike’s headquarters in Oregon, executives are trying to figure out how to best spread the pain of new tariffs.
Nike, the factories that produce its goods, the wholesalers that sell the goods and ultimately shoppers will all likely share portions of the cost, according to a person familiar with the matter.
The backbone of Nike’s supply chain is being threatened by US President Donald Trump’s global tariff campaign, straining a decades-long investment just as the world’s largest sneaker company tries to rebound under a new chief executive.
Over the past 30 years, Nike has funnelled billions of dollars of production into Vietnam, helping turn the South-east Asian nation into a powerhouse for footwear and apparel production.
On April 9, Mr Trump imposed a 46 per cent tariff on goods from Vietnam – among the steepest on the countries he targeted – that threatens to devastate its manufacturing industries.
The announcement was then thrown into limbo hours later when Mr Trump said he would pause higher tariffs on dozens of non-retaliating countries for 90 days.
Nike has become a symbol of corporate fallout from Mr Trump’s tariff blitz: A famed US brand entangled in an economic calamity that has wiped trillions from stocks and pushed global supply chains into disarray. Executives have been left with a costly conundrum across Asia, where nearly all Nike sneakers are made.
The timing could not be worse. New CEO Elliott Hill is attempting to revive a company weighed down by slumping sales and corporate layoffs. Nike expects further declines in revenue and profitability, and shares have fallen 30 per cent so far in 2025.
Mr Hill must now navigate rising costs across his supply chain, with the possibility of passing price hikes on to consumers.
In March, he told investors that he visited factory partners in Asia “to see how we’re executing”, but has yet to outline a plan to manage tariff fallout.
Management’s options are limited, and analysts say it is impossible for Nike to quickly reorient its supply chain.
Vietnam, China and Indonesia – all hard-hit by Trump tariffs – account for 95 per cent of Nike footwear production.
The total workforce that manufactures Nike products in those three countries is roughly 850,000 – slightly larger than Apple supplier Foxconn, according to company disclosures.
TD Cowen analyst John Kernan said there is simply nowhere else with the comparable capacity or labour costs to absorb that volume.
All eyes, then, are on Vietnam – Nike’s most important production base.
Betting on Vietnam
Nike entered Vietnam in 1995 with five contract footwear factories, part of a long-term bet by co-founder Phil Knight. It was a gamble because the industry was still developing, and its workforce lacked experience and oversight, but Mr Knight saw an opportunity.
Since then, Nike’s footprint in Vietnam has only increased, adding more factories as the industry gained infrastructure and manufacturing experience.
Rivals like Adidas and Puma followed, as did newer brands such as Lululemon Athletica, Skechers USA and Allbirds.
Half of all Nike brand sneakers are made in Vietnam now, according to filings.
Vietnam’s footwear and apparel industries were big winners during Mr Trump’s first term.
Geopolitical tensions pushed Western brands out of China, and they flocked to Vietnam, with its established manufacturing history and infrastructure.
Vietnam now ranks among the world’s top exporters of both apparel and footwear, according to the World Bank.
Vietnam’s government has lauded Nike’s investments as vital to its economy’s growth.
The nation has been among Asia’s fastest-growing economies in recent years, with gross domestic product up 7.1 per cent in 2024.
That mutual dependence has led to a close relationship between Nike and Vietnam’s government.
Officials in Hanoi have hosted Nike executives in recent years.
In 2022, Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh asked the company for policy recommendations to deepen Vietnam’s integration into global supply chains.
Limited options
These days, Nike works with more than 100 apparel factories, footwear plants and equipment makers in Vietnam, the company has disclosed.
Most are clustered around Ho Chi Minh City, where major contractors each employ over 10,000 workers.
Nike could pressure vendors to take on more of the new costs, streamline operations or coordinate with retail partners to raise prices, said Ms Anna Andreeva, an analyst at Piper Sandler.
But she warned that there is a ceiling.
“That’s the No. 1 question: How much price increase can the consumer realistically absorb?” Ms Andreeva said.
Executives at Foot Locker, Nike’s biggest retail partner, said last week that they are in “constant communications” with brands on pricing strategy as they mull over how much of these tariff costs will end up being placed on US shoppers.
“We’re going to work through brand by brand,” Foot Locker CEO Mary Dillon said at a JPMorgan event last week. “It’s a combination of ‘What do they take? What does the consumer take?’”
Meanwhile, Vietnam’s government has been working to placate Mr Trump.
On April 5, Vietnam’s leader To Lam asked Mr Trump to delay his tariffs for at least 45 days to allow for negotiations.
He offered to cut tariffs on US goods to zero and encouraged Mr Trump to do the same.
Mr Trump said the call was “very productive”.
But White House adviser Peter Navarro said Vietnam’s offer was not enough.
Vietnam upped the offer on April 8, promising to buy more US defence and security products. BLOOMBERG
