War then water: Pakistan’s border villagers face back-to-back evacuations

KASUR, Pakistan – When flood waters from across the Indian border surged into her village in eastern Pakistan in August, Ms Shama knew what to do: gather her four children and prepare to leave.

It was the second time she has had to flee in 2025, after abandoning her home during cross-border fighting between India and Pakistan in May.

“How many times do we need to evacuate now?” the 30-year-old mother said, her husband away ferrying their 10 cows to higher ground on a boat.

“We lost out on so much during the war like school days for the children, and now the water is forcing us out again. Trouble is trouble.”

Ms Shama’s ordeal is echoed across flood-hit Kasur, where families say they are exhausted by repeated displacements within months, first from the fighting, now from nature.

“The floods started earlier this month and only got worse,” said 27-year-old mother Bibi Zubaida, who lives with seven relatives in a three-bedroom house opposite a mosque that now broadcasts evacuation calls. 

From the mosque loudspeakers, usually reserved for the call to prayer, came a different message: Boats were ready for anyone who wanted to leave.

“When you live here, you choose to live with the threat of war and the threat of floods. Where does one go?” Ms Zubaida said. 

Kasur lies just a few kilometres from the Indian border.

From their rooftops and rescue boats, residents said they could see Indian check posts across the horizon, a reminder of how closely their fate is tied to decisions made on the other side. 

The nations share rivers that were regulated for more than six decades under the Indus Waters Treaty.

That agreement was suspended by India earlier in 2025, following the shooting of 26 people by militants that New Delhi said were backed by Islamabad, which Pakistan denies.

That attack triggered brief but intense cross-border battles between the nuclear-armed neighbours, driving villagers like Ms Shama from their homes.

Then came the monsoon, and the rivers turned to flood.

On narrow wooden boats, families balanced motorcycles, belongings and bleating goats alongside their children, as rescue workers steered them through fields now turned into rivers. 

Rescue worker Muhammad Arsalan said many villagers hesitated to evacuate. 

“People don’t always want to leave because they’re scared of thieves stealing what they’re leaving behind. They’re reluctant because they’ve done it so many times already,” said Mr Arsalan, who has ferried more than 1,500 people to safety by boat in recent days. 

“They love their goats and sheep, and sometimes refuse to leave without them,” he added, pausing to clear leaves stuck in the motor before restarting another run.

The Punjab provincial disaster management authority said flows in the Sutlej River in Ganda Singh Wala village were the highest in decades, after a breach at an Indian barrage.

At least 28 deaths have been reported so far, with water pushing further south through Punjab and threatening new areas.

In India, cloudbursts in Ramban and Mahore regions of Jammu and Kashmir killed 10 people.  

Pakistani officials

said the crisis was worsened by India’s decision

to suspend the Indus Waters Treaty, halting the decades-old exchange of river data.

Islamabad also accused India of releasing large volumes of water without adequate warning. 

“If the treaty was in operation, we could have managed the impact better,” Pakistan’s Planning Minister Ahsan Iqbal told Reuters on Aug 29.

India has denied deliberately flooding Pakistan.

It has blamed incessant monsoon rain and said it issued multiple flood alerts. Two gates of the Madhopur barrage on the Ravi River were damaged by surging water, Indian officials said.

Farmers say the deluge has wrecked their livelihoods. “Thirteen of my 15 acres (6ha) are gone,” said Mr Muhammad Amjad, a rice and vegetable grower.

“Women and children are mainly evacuated. Men stay behind to guard what’s left.”

The back-to-back displacements have underscored the vulnerability of communities straddling Pakistan’s volatile eastern border. 

Officials warn the crisis could worsen as climate change intensifies monsoons and cross-border river disputes strain disaster planning.

“I’ve seen many floods, but they are coming too often now,” said Mr Nawabuddin, a 74-year-old landowner, recalling the most memorable floods he witnessed in his lifetime – 1988, 2023 and now this one. 

“We don’t want war, we don’t want excess water. We just want to live,” said Ms Zubaida, whose newly renovated home and farmland now lie underwater. REUTERS