China rolls out major reforms ahead of its gaokao, or national college entrance exam

BEIJING - China’s national college entrance exam, known as gaokao, will take place from June 7 to 10 and feature several new developments, including the roll-out of exam reforms in eight additional provinces, expanded university enrolment and the launch of new academic majors.

In 2025, eight more provincial-level regions will implement the gaokao reforms: Sichuan, Henan, Shanxi, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Qinghai and the Ningxia Hui and Inner Mongolia autonomous regions.

So far, 29 provinces have adopted the reforms.

Under the reforms, candidates must take three nationally standardised subjects – Chinese, mathematics and a foreign language – along with one primary elective subject, either physics or history, and two additional electives selected from chemistry, geography, political science and biology.

Professor Xiong Bingqi, director of the 21st Century Education Research Institute, said the reforms, launched in 2014, have provided students with greater flexibility in subject selection and aim to place more emphasis on students’ individuality and personal interests while establishing a more comprehensive and multi-dimensional evaluation system.

“However, the issue of solely relying on test scores persists. It is necessary to strengthen the reform of comprehensive quality evaluation,” Prof Xiong said.

Many universities have expanded enrolment plans in 2025, including Tsinghua University, Peking University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

The additional spots, ranging from dozens to several hundred, are primarily concentrated in fundamental disciplines such as mathematics, physics and chemistry, as well as in strategic and cutting-edge fields.

Xi’an Jiaotong University in Shaanxi province has been expanding its enrolment over the past decade and plans to add 200 more spots in 2025, according to Professor Cao Liangzhi, director of the university’s admissions office.

“The focus is primarily on emerging technology industries and fields geared towards the future,” Prof Cao said. “In response to technological and industrial transformation and upgrading, we aim to cultivate more high-quality talent.”

In 2025, China’s college admissions introduced 29 new undergraduate majors across fields such as artificial intelligence, carbon neutrality and digital governance.

According to the Ministry of Education, these new programmes are designed to align with national strategic priorities, market demands and technological advancements.

Beijing Jiaotong University has added five undergraduate majors in the fields of national strategic demand, including data science and big data technology, robotics engineering, intelligent manufacturing engineering, intelligent vehicle engineering, and international journalism and communication.

The Beijing Institute of Technology has introduced a low-altitude technology and engineering major, focusing on cultivating top-tier talent to meet the strategic needs of low-altitude economic development.

Universities are adjusting their programmes to align with social development and meet societal needs, according to Prof Xiong.

Around 13.35 million students have registered for 2025’s gaokao, a decrease of 70,000 compared with 2024 and marking the first decline in a decade, according to data released by the ministry.

The decline in exam candidates is primarily due to a decrease in vocational college entrance exam participants, who are no longer required to take the gaokao, Prof Xiong explained. However, the number of candidates for the regular gaokao has increased, he said.

“It is hoped that universities will expand enrolment based on their unique conditions and strengths, focusing not only on increasing numbers but also on improving quality,” Prof Xiong said. CHINA DAILY/ASIA NEWS NETWORK