China really wants to attract talented scientists, and Trump just helped

HANGZHOU – China was already scoring wins in its rivalry with the US for scientific talent.

It had drawn some of the world’s best researchers to its campuses, people decorated with Nobel Prizes, MacArthur “Genius” grants and seemingly every other academic laurel on offer.

Now, the Trump administration’s policies might soon bolster China’s efforts.

Under President Donald Trump, the US is slashing the research funding that helped establish its reputation as the global leader in science and technology. The President is also attacking the country’s premier universities, and trying to limit the enrolment of international students.

Scientists from China are under particular pressure, as US officials have said that they may pose a national security threat by funnelling valuable knowledge to China. Chinese-born scientists have been investigated or even arrested.

Last week, the Trump administration said it would work to

“aggressively revoke” the visas of Chinese students in “critical fields”.

As a result, many scholars are looking elsewhere.

And Chinese institutions have been quick to try to capitalise. Universities in Hong Kong and Xi’an said they would offer streamlined admission to transfer students from Harvard University. An ad from a group with links to the Chinese Academy of Sciences welcomed “talents who have been dismissed by the US NIH”, or National Institutes of Health.

“The United States is shooting itself in the foot,” said anatomy expert Zhang Xiaoming, who left the Baylor College of Medicine in Texas in 2024 to lead the medical education programme at Westlake University, a research university in the tech hub of Hangzhou.

“Since I went to the United States more than 30 years ago, so much of its research has been supported by foreigners, including many Chinese,” said Dr Zhang, who emphasised that he was speaking for himself, not his employer. “Without foreigners, at least in the field of scientific research, they can’t go on.”

On its own, China had become more attractive to scientists in recent years because of the huge investments the country has made in research. Westlake is a prime example.

Established in 2018 by several high-profile scientists who had returned to China from the West, Westlake’s campus exudes technological advancement. A spaceshiplike tower looms over rows of research laboratories. Computing centres and animal testing facilities cluster around a central lawn, in a shape designed to evoke a biological cell.

In its main academic building, portraits of dozens of professors are on display – all of whom were recruited from overseas.

There is Dr Guan Kunliang, a biochemist who won a MacArthur “Genius” grant while in Michigan; Dr Cheng Jianjun, a materials engineer honoured multiple times by the National Science Foundation; Dr Yu Hongtao, a Harvard-educated cell biologist who received millions in funding from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Maryland.

Recruitment notices advertise high compensation, in line with those at top foreign universities.

Westlake has been perhaps the most successful Chinese university at recruiting overseas talent, but it is far from the only one.

Between 2010 and 2021, nearly 12,500 scientists of Chinese descent left the US for China, according to a study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The rate of departure was accelerating: More than half of them left in just the five years between 2017 and 2021.

The trend has only continued in the past few years, said Professor Yu Xie from Princeton University, who co-authored the study.

It is not only Chinese-born scientists who are jumping ship. Former Harvard chemist Charles Lieber, who was convicted in 2023 of failing to disclose payments from a Chinese university, recently joined Tsinghua University.

Chinese scientists have long flocked to American universities, lured by the promise of a world-class education and resources that their home country could not provide.

In the 1980s, Chinese scientists who visited the US would collect disposable test tubes to reuse in China, said neurobiologist Rao Yi at Peking University in Beijing, who studied and worked in the US for two decades.

The admiration continued even as China’s economy boomed. In 2020, nearly one-fifth of doctorates in science, technology, engineering and mathematics awarded in the US went to students from China, according to data from the National Science Foundation.

Historically, the vast majority of those doctorates stayed in the US – 87 per cent between 2005 and 2015, the data showed. Many became US citizens, and they have helped the US accumulate patents, publications and Nobel Prizes.

In recent years, more scientists have been returning to China, drawn partly by government recruitment programmes promising them millions of dollars in funding as well as housing subsidies and other perks.

China’s spending on research and development is now second only to the US. And Chinese institutions such as Tsinghua and Zhejiang University now routinely rank among the best in the world for science and technology.

The investment is part of a plan to turn China into a scientific superpower, especially in strategically important fields such as artificial intelligence (AI), semiconductors and biotechnology.

“The scientific and technological revolution is intertwined with the game between superpowers,” China’s leader Xi Jinping said in 2024.

At the same time, the US has been pushing scientists away for years, in particular by investigating their ties with China.

Protein chemist Lu Wuyuan, formerly at the University of Maryland, was one of those targeted. He was investigated by the National Institutes of Health for allegedly failing to disclose research ties to China – ties he said Maryland knew about. After 20 years at the university, he quit in 2020.

Most of the cases brought under the so-called China Initiative eventually collapsed. Many researchers criticised the campaign as racial profiling.

Dr Lu, who now works at Fudan University in Shanghai, said that many of his friends mused over leaving the US, but most chose to stay because they had settled there.

The Trump administration’s assault on research funding may change that.

“If they cut so much funding, I believe that may be the last straw for many people,” Dr Lu said.

Still, China faces its own issues in poaching talent.

It has become harder for Chinese universities to meet and woo overseas scientists, as Chinese scholars have had trouble securing visas to the US to attend academic conferences. Researchers in America also face restrictions in visiting China; Texas, for example, prohibits employees of public universities from travelling to China for work.

The scientists who have returned to China fall largely into a few categories: those who are early in their careers, or who are nearing retirement, or who felt pushed out by investigations. Established mid-career scholars are still reluctant to leave, multiple scientists said.

Dr Rao at Peking University, who was also one of Westlake’s co-founders, said that China’s progress in recruiting international talent had also been hampered by cronyism and jealousy among domestic colleagues.

“While funding should increase, it is not the key factor at this stage,” Dr Rao said. “Supporting scientists based on merit and their good science is the key.”

Even at home, scientists are not spared political scrutiny. Chinese universities face limits on free expression, and China’s Ministry of State Security has warned that scholars returning from overseas may be spies.

Multiple Chinese-born scientists – both those who had returned to China, and those still in the US – emphasised that they did not want to get entangled in politics. They were just trying to do good work.

The simple fact was, many agreed, that it was increasingly easier to do so in China.

“It’s hard to survive in America. And China is developing so fast,” said AI researcher Fu Tianfan, 32, who left Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in December to join Nanjing University.

“Whether it was the best choice,” he said, “it may take some time to say.” NYTIMES