China first-quarter emissions fell despite rising power demand

BEIJING - Surging renewable energy meant China’s carbon emissions fell in the first quarter of 2025 despite rapidly rising power demands, a key milestone in the country’s energy transition, analysis from a think tank showed on May 15.

China’s trade war with the US remains a wild card,

however, especially if Beijing acts to stimulate polluting industrial sectors in response, the report notes.

China, the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) that drive climate change, plans to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.

It has invested heavily in its renewable energy sector, building almost twice as much wind and solar capacity as every other country combined, according to research published in 2024.

New wind, solar and nuclear capacity meant China’s CO2 emissions fell by 1.6 per cent year on year in the first quarter and 1 per cent in the 12 months to March, said analyst Lauri Myllyvirta at the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (Crea).

China’s emissions have dipped before, but those reductions were driven by falling demand, such as during strict Covid-19 lockdowns in 2022.

This time, the drop came despite China’s total power demand growing 2.5 per cent in the first quarter, said the report published in Carbon Brief.

“Growth in clean power generation has now overtaken the current and long-term average growth in electricity demand, pushing down fossil fuel use,” Mr Myllyvirta said.

“The current drop is the first time that the main driver is growth in clean power generation,” he added.

Power sector emissions fell 5.8 per cent in the first quarter, offsetting rises in emissions from coal use in the metals and chemicals industries.

But the report cautioned that emissions could rise again if Beijing seeks to stimulate carbon-intensive sectors to try to counteract the trade war with Washington.

China also remains “significantly off track” for a key 2030 target to reduce its carbon intensity – carbon emissions relative to gross domestic product – under the Paris climate agreement.

China pledged to achieve a 65 per cent reduction in carbon intensity by 2030 from 2005 levels.

“The future path of China’s CO2 emissions hangs in the balance, depending on trends within each sector of its economy, as well as China’s response to (US President Donald) Trump’s tariffs,” Mr Myllyvirta said.

Beijing has agreed to a 90-day pause on sky-high tariffs with Washington, but the shape of a final truce remains unclear.

China has sought to position itself as a leader in combating climate change at a time when Mr Trump is promoting fossil fuel extraction and has withdrawn from multilateral climate agreements.

Despite China’s renewable energy boom, coal remains a vital part of its energy mix.

China began construction on 94.5 gigawatts of coal power projects in 2024, 93 per cent of the global total, according to a February report by Crea and US-based Global Energy Monitor.

Much of that is expected to be for backup power, however.

In April 2025, China said that wind and solar energy capacity had surpassed mostly coal-based thermal capacity for the first time, according to data for the first quarter. AFP