WASHINGTON - US President Joe Biden and House Speaker Kevin McCarthy could not reach an agreement on Monday to raise the US government’s US$31.4 trillion (S$42 trillion) debt ceiling with just 10 days before a possible default that could sink the US economy, but vowed to keep talking.

The Democratic president and the top congressional Republican have struggled to make a deal, as Mr McCarthy pressures the White House to agree to spending cuts in the federal budget that Mr Biden considers “extreme”, and the President pushes new taxes that Republicans have rejected.

Both sides stressed the need to avoid default with a bipartisan deal after Monday evening’s meeting, however, and signalled that they would be talking regularly in coming days.

“We reiterated once again that default is off the table and the only way to move forward is in good faith toward a bipartisan agreement,” Mr Biden said in a statement after the meeting, which he called “productive”.

Mr McCarthy told reporters after over an hour of talks with Mr Biden that negotiators are “going to get together, work through the night” to try to find common ground.

“I felt we had a productive discussion. We don’t have an agreement yet,” Mr McCarthy said. “I believe we can still get there.”

He is not willing to consider Mr Biden’s plan to cut the deficit by raising taxes on the wealthy and closing tax loopholes for the oil and pharmaceutical industries, he said, and is focused on reducing spending in the 2024 federal budget.

Democrats and Republicans have until June 1 to increase the government’s self-borrowing limit or trigger an unprecedented debt default that economists warn could bring on a recession.

Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen on Monday offered a sobering reminder of how little time is left, saying the earliest estimated default date remains June 1 and that it is “highly likely” that the Treasury will no longer be able to pay all government obligations by early June if the debt ceiling is not raised.

Republican Representative Patrick Henry, who was in the White House meeting, ruled out any partial budget agreement to raise the debt ceiling.

“No one’s going to agree to anything until we have a finalised deal,” he said.

He said the tone in the Biden meeting was the most positive yet.

Any deal to raise the limit must pass both chambers of Congress, and therefore hinges on bipartisan support. Mr McCarthy’s Republicans control the House 222-213, while Mr Biden’s Democrats hold the Senate 51-49.

A failure to lift the debt ceiling would trigger a default that would shake financial markets and drive interest rates higher on everything from car payments to credit cards.

US markets rose on Monday as investors awaited updates on the negotiations.

It will take several days to move legislation through Congress if and when Mr Biden and Mr McCarthy come to an agreement. Mr McCarthy said that a deal must be reached this week for it to pass Congress and be signed into law by Mr Biden in time to avoid default.

Cuts and clawbacks

Republicans want discretionary spending cuts, new work requirements for some programmes for low-income Americans and a clawback of Covid-19 aid approved by Congress but not yet spent in exchange for a debt ceiling increase, which is needed to cover the costs of lawmakers’ previously approved spending and tax cuts.

Democrats want to hold spending steady at this year’s levels, while Republicans want to return to 2022 levels. A plan passed by the House last month would cut a wide swath of government spending by 8 per cent next year.

Mr Biden, who has made the economy a centrepiece of his domestic agenda and is seeking re-election, has said he would consider spending cuts alongside tax adjustments but that Republicans’ latest offer was “unacceptable”.

The President tweeted that he would not back “Big Oil” subsidies and “wealthy tax cheats” while putting healthcare and food assistance at risk for millions of Americans.

Both sides must also weigh any concessions with pressure from hardline factions within their own parties.

Some far-right House Freedom Caucus members have urged a halt to talks, demanding that the Senate adopt their House-passed legislation, which has been rejected by Democrats.

Mr McCarthy, who made extensive concessions to right-wing hardliners to secure the speaker spot, risks being removed by members of his own party if they do not like the deal he cuts.

Former president Donald Trump, a Republican who is seeking another term after losing to Mr Biden in the 2020 election, has urged Republicans to force a default if they do not achieve all their goals, downplaying any economic consequences.

Liberal Democrats have pushed back against any cuts that would harm families and lower-income Americans.

Mr Hakeem Jeffries, the top House Democrat, accused Republicans of running a “hostage negotiation” with the talks and said he is seeking Republican votes for a discharge petition that could raise the debt ceiling on its own.

Mr Biden has offered to freeze spending at this year’s levels, Mr Jeffries said, an offer that was rejected by Republicans. REUTERS