WASHINGTON - The International Monetary Fund (IMF) on Wednesday (April 15) revised down the 2020 growth rate of the Asean-5 countries - Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand - to minus 1.3 per cent.

"Large Asean countries have introduced public health measures including lockdowns, and there are negative economic impacts from reduced tourism, disrupted trade and manufacturing, and the spillovers from financial markets," Dr Changyong Rhee, the director of IMF's Asia and Pacific Department, said in a virtual press conference.

The Asia Pacific Regional Economic Outlook defines Asean 5 as the group's original signatories - Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.

A separate document by IMF, the World Economic Outlook, however, refers to Asean 5 based on economic size, thus including Vietnam in place of Singapore.

Dr Rhee said Thailand, badly hit by a tourism crash, will see negative 6.7 per cent growth.

"For the frontier economies (such as Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam), their export and tourism-driven economies are likely to be significantly disrupted by the global spread of the virus even though they seem to be at the beginning of the epidemic curve," he said.

Singapore's economic contraction is projected by IMF as negative 3.5 per cent, recovering to 3.0 growth in 2021. Its Trade and Industry Ministry had earlier estimated a full-year GDP growth forecast of minus 4 per cent to minus 1 per cent.

In terms of the response, Singapore's expansionary fiscal policy is unprecedented, but it is an unprecedented time and it is unavoidable, he said. The expansion "is in line and even at the lower end of what Europe and even the US is currently doing," he said.

Singapore has committed S$59.9 billion, or roughly 12 per cent of GDP, to battle the coronavirus pandemic.

It is "lucky" that Singapore has been able to do this, thanks to its conservative policies in the past, Dr Rhee said.

The slowdown in advanced economies is much more severe, with Asia's key trading partners expected to contract sharply, including the United States by 5.9 per cent and Euro area by 7.5 per cent, he said.

Japan's economic outlook for 2020 has deteriorated significantly, with real GDP expected to decline by 5.2 per cent.

While China's economy is beginning to get back to work, other economies are imposing tighter lockdowns, and some are experiencing a second wave of virus infections.

"China is expected to grow by 1.2 per cent in 2020," Dr Rhee said. "We expect a rebound in economic activity later this year. This is because China is emerging from the outbreak first. Nonetheless, there are clear risks: the virus could come back and normalisation could take longer."

South Korea is anticipated to have negative 1.2 per cent growth, he said. "The negative impact on growth is expected to be smaller than in most other advanced economies, reflecting effective strategy to flatten the infection curve, which has avoided major production shutdowns in manufacturing and services."

India's growth has been revised down to 1.9 per cent for fiscal year 2020, Mr Rhee said, as India entered the pandemic turmoil in the midst of a credit crunch induced slowdown and its recovery prospects have become more uncertain.

"Despite the economic slowdown, the government implemented a nationwide lockdown and we support India's proactive decision," Dr Rhee said.

However, Asia's growth still fares better than other regions, he said.

"For 2021, there is hope: If containment policies succeed, we will see a rebound in growth.

"This is not a time for business as usual. Asian countries need to use all policy instruments in their tool kits. In doing so, policy tradeoffs will be inevitable and will depend on policy space," Dr Rhee said.

"The first priority is to support and protect the health sector to contain the virus and introduce measures that slow contagion," he said. "If there is not enough fiscal space, countries will need to re-prioritise from other expenditures."

"Containment measures are severely affecting economies. Targeted support to hardest-hit households and firms is needed," Dr Rhee said in his policy recommendations.

"Use monetary and macroprudential regulations flexibly to provide ample liquidity, (and) ease financial stress of industries and SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises).

"For emerging markets with limited fiscal space, they might need to consider how to use central bank balance sheets flexibly to help SMEs through risk-sharing with the government," he said.

"External pressures need to be contained. Countries should seek and utilise bilateral and multilateral swap lines and financial support from multilateral institutions," he said.

"There can be a role for capital flow measures to secure external sector stability as a prerequisite to use more aggressive domestic policies to prevent lasting social and economic distress."

"Targeted support combined with domestic demand stimulus in a recovery will help to reduce scarring, but it needs to reach people and smaller firms," he stressed.