MELBOURNE (BLOOMBERG) - The roll-out of a third dose of Covid vaccine has sparked debate on ethical and political grounds, since a large swathe of the human population is yet to receive any inoculation. But the case for boosters on scientific grounds is building.

The reason is Delta.

The most-infectious coronavirus variant to emerge so far is in a race with the human immune system, and there's mounting evidence that Delta is winning -- at least initially.

Fully vaccinated individuals infected with the variant have peak virus levels in the upper airways as high as those lacking immunity, a large study from Britain showed last week.

That suggests people with Delta-induced breakthrough infections also may be capable of transmitting the virus, frustrating efforts to curb the Covid-19 pandemic.

Waning antibody levels in some highly vaccinated populations such as Israel have prompted calls to offer boosters to blunt fresh waves of hospitalisations.

"The science is the boosters work, and they will definitely help," said Prof Shane Crotty, a virologist and professor at the La Jolla Institute for Immunology's Centre for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research in California.

In fully vaccinated, healthy adults, booster shots from Moderna as well as Pfizer and its partner BioNTech cause antibodies to rebound to peak levels, if not well beyond, Prof Crotty said in a Zoom interview Friday (Aug 20).

Those antibodies are also likely to be more durable and adept at fighting a wider range of SARS-CoV-2 strains, he said.

That's especially helpful in fighting Delta.

Researchers in China found the strain is detectable in patients four days after picking up the virus -- two days earlier than was previously observed -- indicating the strain makes individuals infectious sooner.

People infected with Delta were also found to have significantly higher amounts of virus in their upper airways compared with infections caused by other strains.

"It's inherently tougher to stop with antibodies because there's more of it and it's a tougher challenge for the immune system," Prof Crotty said.

Bolstering antibody levels with an extra dose of vaccine may enable the immune system to swiftly block delta on its arrival in the nose and throat, preventing the coronavirus from not only infecting cells and causing illness, but also stopping it from spreading, he said.

A slower antibody response, on the other hand, may increase infectiousness and worsen symptoms.

"It's a race between the virus and your immune system," Prof Crotty said.

The faster the virus replicates, the less time antibodies have to block an infection.

Still, even when a delayed antibody response does lead to infection, immunity generated by either vaccination or a natural infection is usually enough to prevent it causing severe illness in an otherwise healthy person, he said.

Most pediatric vaccine regimens are administered over three shots, Prof Crotty said.

"A lot of that is about the mechanics of immune memory generation - that it's frequently taken three exposures to get that," he said.

Delta concern

Three studies published by the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention last week showed that although Delta may be hastening a decline in the effectiveness of the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech shots at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections, including among nursing home residents, the vaccines remained a reliable shield against hospitalization over a six-month period.

Delta can cause breakthrough infections and illness in people with lower antibody levels, said Prof Andrew Pekosz, a professor of molecular microbiology at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore.

"The good news is that vaccine efficacy against severe disease is still maintained," he said. In addition, fully immunised people infected with delta may be infectious for a shorter period compared with individuals lacking immunity, reducing their propensity to transmit the virus, Prof Pekosz said.

It's possible the infectiousness of vaccinated individuals could be further reduced with third shots using a different inoculation, delivery via a nasal spray, or using smaller amounts of the same vaccine, he said.

"We are still working out the mechanics of how best to use these vaccines for maximum protection," said Dr Michael Osterholm, director of the Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis.
"Our challenge is going to be how to continue to use these vaccines to maximize the most important aspect of public health: preventing infections."

Curbing spread is also key to preventing the emergence of variants even more dangerous than Delta, he said.

Vaccine equity

That goal must be sought globally with equity and solidarity, Dr Osterholm said.

"It's a worldwide epidemic that will continue until you take care of it around the world," he said. "From a humanitarian standpoint, this is obviously critical."

In the United States, unvaccinated people are now swamping medical institutions in large swaths of the country, Johns Hopkins' Prof Pekosz said.

"Vaccination would keep people out of the hospital, and that is the most important thing that vaccinations can do."

La Jolla's Prof Crotty estimates that more than 90 per cent of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is from unvaccinated people.
"In the US, we've got so many of those," he said.

"If you have two doses of vaccine, it's way more valuable for those two doses to go to an unvaccinated person than people getting boosters if you want to talk about transmission.

"But if you can't convince the people to get the damn things and somebody else wants them now, will it actually help the other person? Yeah, it will help them."