KIGALI – Rwanda on April 7 paid solemn tribute to genocide victims, 30 years after a vicious campaign orchestrated by Hutu extremists tore apart the country, as neighbours turned on each other in one of the bloodiest massacres of the 20th century.

The killing spree, which lasted 100 days before the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) rebel militia took Kigali in July 1994, claimed the lives of 800,000 people, largely Tutsis, but also moderate Hutus.

The tiny nation has since found its footing under the iron-fisted rule of President Paul Kagame, who led the RPF, but the scars of the violence remain, leaving a trail of destruction across Africa’s Great Lakes region.

In keeping with tradition, the ceremonies on April 7 – the day Hutu militias unleashed the carnage in 1994 – began with Mr Kagame lighting a remembrance flame at the Kigali Genocide Memorial, where more than 250,000 victims are believed to be buried.

As an army band played mournful melodies, Mr Kagame placed wreaths on the mass graves, flanked by foreign dignitaries, including several African heads of state and former US president Bill Clinton, who had called the genocide the biggest failure of his administration.

The international community’s failure to intervene has been a cause of lingering shame. French President Emmanuel Macron was expected to release a message on April 7 saying that France and its Western and African allies “could have stopped” the bloodshed but lacked the will to do so.

“Rwanda was completely humbled by the magnitude of our loss. And the lessons we learnt are engraved in blood,” Mr Kagame said in a speech.

The April 7 events mark the start of a week of national mourning, with Rwanda effectively coming to a standstill and national flags flown at half-mast.

Music will not be allowed in public places or on the radio, while sports events and movies are banned from television broadcasts, unless connected to what has been dubbed “Kwibuka (Remembrance) 30”.

The United Nations and the African Union will also hold remembrance ceremonies.

Mr Karel Kovanda, a former Czech diplomat who was the first UN ambassador to publicly call the events of 1994 a genocide nearly a month after the killings began, said the massacres should never be forgotten.

“The page cannot be turned,” he told AFP in an interview in Kigali, urging efforts to ensure that “the genocide (doesn’t) slip into oblivion”.

The assassination of Hutu President Juvenal Habyarimana on the night of April 6, when his plane was shot down over Kigali, triggered the rampage by Hutu extremists and the “Interahamwe” militia.

Their victims were shot, beaten or hacked to death in killings fuelled by vicious anti-Tutsi propaganda broadcast on TV and radio.

At least 250,000 women were raped, according to UN figures.

Each year new mass graves are uncovered around the country.

In 2002, Rwanda set up community tribunals where victims heard “confessions” from those who had persecuted them, although rights watchdogs said that the system also resulted in miscarriages of justice.

Today, Rwandan identification cards do not mention whether a person is Hutu or Tutsi.

Secondary school students learn about the genocide as part of a tightly controlled curriculum.

The country is home to more than 200 memorials to the genocide, four of which were added to Unesco’s World Heritage list in 2023. The memorials house skulls, bone fragments, torn clothing and images of piled-up corpses, as well as the guns, machetes and other weapons used to carry out the slaughter.

According to Rwanda, hundreds of genocide suspects remain at large, including in neighbouring nations such as the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda.

Only 28 have been extradited to Rwanda from around the world.

France, one of the top destinations for Rwandans fleeing justice at home, has tried and convicted half a dozen people over their involvement in the killings.

The French government had been a longstanding backer of Mr Habyarimana’s regime, leading to decades of tensions between the two countries.

In 2021, Mr Macron acknowledged France’s role in the genocide and its refusal to heed warnings of looming massacres, but stopped short of an official apology. AFP