Telegram becomes free speech flashpoint after founder Pavel Durov’s arrest
Sign up now: Get ST's newsletters delivered to your inbox
Telegram now has more than 900 million users.
PHOTO: AFP
Follow topic:
LONDON – Telegram, founded in 2013 by Russian entrepreneur Pavel Durov, has grown into one of the world’s largest online communication tools and is central to everyday life in countries, including Russia, Ukraine and India for messaging, getting independent news and exchanging views.
The company’s growth – it now has more than 900 million users – has been driven partly by a commitment to free speech.
Telegram’s light oversight of what people say or do on the platform has helped people living under authoritarian governments communicate and organise. But it has also made the app a haven for disinformation, far-right extremism and other harmful content.
Many were shocked when reports emerged on Aug 24 that Durov had been arrested in France
A French judicial official, speaking on condition of anonymity to discuss an ongoing investigation, confirmed on the evening of Aug 25 that Durov was in police custody.
As word spread online over the weekend, news of his detention became a flashpoint in a continuing debate about free speech on the internet.
Mr Elon Musk, the owner of social media platform X – which has adopted a similarly hands-off approach to content moderation – posted “#FreePavel” on his X account.
“It’s 2030 in Europe, and you’re being executed for liking a meme,” he said.
Mr Leonid Volkov, a former top adviser to Alexei Navalny – the Russian opposition leader who died in prison in 2023 – wrote on Telegram that although the platform had become a useful tool for criminals, Durov should be released.
“Durov is not an ‘accomplice’ to the crimes committed by Telegram users,” he said.
The reaction over the news of the arrest showed how concerns about free expression, censorship and government oversight of online content are rising at a time when regulatory scrutiny of speech on the internet around the world has ramped up.
National governments, especially those in the European Union, have intensified pressure on companies to address disinformation, online extremism, child safety and the spread of illicit material.
Telegram has long been on the radar of law enforcement agencies around the world because terrorist organisations, drug sellers, weapons dealers and far-right extremist groups have used it for communicating, recruiting and organising.
Durov, the 39-year-old chief executive of Telegram, was arrested at Le Bourget airport near Paris after landing on a private plane from Azerbaijan, according to French news reports.
The French judicial official said on the evening of Aug 25 that Durov’s time in custody had been extended. Under French law, the initial 24 hours spent in custody can be extended to up to 96 hours, depending on the seriousness of the criminal accusations.
Representatives of the French police and Interior Ministry declined to comment.
In a statement on Telegram on Aug 25, the company said: “Telegram abides by EU (European Union) laws,”
It added: “Telegram’s CEO Pavel Durov has nothing to hide.”
In an interview on Telegram, Mr George Lobushkin, a former press secretary for Durov who remains close to him, wrote: “This is a monstrous attack on freedom of speech worldwide.”
Durov’s arrest risked intensifying tensions with Russia. The Russian Embassy in France said in a statement on Aug 25 that it had asked the French authorities for clarification on news of the arrest.
Mr Vladislav Davankov, the deputy speaker of the State Duma, a chamber of Russia’s Parliament, called for Durov’s release.
He said the arrest could be an effort to gain access to information held by Telegram and “cannot be allowed”, according to independent Russian news organisation Meduza.
Durov, whose net worth was estimated by Bloomberg at more than US$9 billion (S$11.7 billion), has largely avoided the kind of public scrutiny faced by top executives of other large online platforms, including Mr Musk of X, Mr Mark Zuckerberg of Meta, Mr Chew Shou Zi of TikTok and Mr Sundar Pichai of Google.
Durov’s reported arrest would have little precedent. While the EU and US government have summoned and questioned leaders of other social media firms, rarely has a major tech leader been arrested over what takes place on such sites.
In 2016, the Brazilian authorities arrested a senior Facebook executive after the company failed to turn over information from WhatsApp as part of a drug trafficking investigation.
Of particular interest after Durov’s reported detainment in France could be what information Telegram would decide to share, or withhold.
The French authorities may try to force Telegram to share information with them on criminal channels that, for instance, are used to sell firearms or coordinate terrorist attacks. Such a move could test Telegram’s claim to its users that it strictly safeguards their information.
A Russian national, Durov left Russia in 2014 after he lost control of VKontakte, the rival to Facebook in Russia. The year before, he had founded Telegram, selling it as an uncensored and secretive way to communicate.
The company is now based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Durov has citizenship in France and the UAE, according to Telegram.
Telegram works as a standard messaging app, such as iMessage or WhatsApp, but also hosts channels and groups in which large numbers of people can broadcast ideas and communicate.
Telegram’s popularity is partly rooted in moves that it made to allow the hosting of huge chat groups of up to 200,000 people, at a time when other social media platforms, such as WhatsApp, were taking steps to cut back group sizes in efforts to combat disinformation.
Other functions, such as the sharing of large files, no limits on sharing links and bots that can interact with users within channels, have helped make it a powerful tool for social organisation and coordination.
Those capabilities, combined with the app’s minimal moderation, made it a haven for individuals and groups
Telegram makes money through in-app purchases, advertising, subscriptions and other promotions. In March, Durov told the Financial Times that Telegram was nearing profitability and considering an initial public offering. NYTIMES
