Working out on an empty stomach could amplify the health benefits of the activity, according to a well-timed new study of the interplay of meal timing, metabolic health and moving.

The study, which involved sedentary men and moderate cycling, suggests that whether and when we eat may affect how exercise affects us.

In general, any exercise improves our health. But a wealth of recent science and personal experience indicates that different people can respond to similar exercise routines in different ways.

Even if everyone completes the same amount of exercise, some people become more fit than others, or lose more weight, or gain greater control of their blood sugar.

Most exercise scientists say that our genetics, diets, physiques, temperaments and other subtle aspects of our lives act in concert to shape how our bodies react to exercise.

But some researchers suspect meal timing matters as well.

Working muscles need fuel during exercise, mostly in the form of sugar (glucose) or fat.

That fuel can come from our most recent meal, once its component sugars and fats reach our bloodstreams, or from our bodies' stores of fats and sugars.

We all have such stores, especially of fat, some of it residing in our muscles and marbling them like pricey sirloin.

This muscle fat becomes problematic if we accumulate too much of it. Fatty muscles do not respond well to the hormone insulin, which directs sugar from the blood into the muscles.

As a result, excess fat can contribute to insulin resistance, high blood sugar levels and increased risks for Type 2 diabetes and other metabolic conditions.

So, researchers at the University of Bath in England and other institutions began to wonder whether meal timing might influence how much muscle fat we burn during exercise, which would then affect the long-term metabolic consequences of exercise and help to explain, in part, why some people get more out of exercise than others.

To look into those issues, they recruited 30 overweight, sedentary men. They plan to do a follow-up study with women.

They tested the men's fitness and insulin sensitivity and then divided them into three groups. One, as a control, continued their usual lives.

The other two groups started supervised exercise in the morning three times a week, riding stationary bicycles at a moderate pace while wearing monitors and masks that tracked their heart rates and the amount of fat and sugar burnt.

They were also asked periodically how they felt while riding.

One exercise group also downed a vanilla-flavoured shake two hours before the ride (with no other food), while the other group swallowed a similar-tasting placebo drink, containing water, flavouring and no calories.

In other words, the placebo group rode on an empty stomach, but did not know it.

After exercise, each rider received the drink he had not previously swallowed. The riders who had fasted got the shake and the other group the placebo.

After six weeks, the scientists crunched the numbers and turned up some telling differences between the groups.

As expected, the control group's fitness and insulin sensitivity remained the same, while the men in both exercise groups had improved their fitness and narrowed their waistlines, but few had lost weight.

The riders who had pedalled on an empty stomach, however, had incinerated about twice as much fat during each ride as the men who consumed the shake first.

The riders all had burnt about the same number of calories while pedalling, but more of those calories came from fat when the men did not eat first.

Those riders also showed greater improvements in insulin sensitivity at the end of the study and had developed higher levels of certain proteins in their muscles that influence how well muscle cells respond to insulin and use blood sugar.

On the whole, these findings suggest that "you can probably get more out of your workout without increasing its intensity or duration by exercising before breakfast," said Javier Gonzalez, a professor of physiology and nutrition at the University of Bath, who oversaw the new study, which appeared in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism.

The reasons for this extra metabolic boost are complex but most likely involve slimming of muscle fat, he said.

The fasted riders' bodies had to turn to internal energy stores for fuel, including fat from their muscles. Interestingly, they did not feel as if their workouts were more draining than the other group, according to subjective ratings of their exertions.

This study looked primarily at insulin sensitivity, though, and not other aspects of exercise and metabolism, including weight loss. Other research by some of the same investigators have looked at how eating before exercise may affect appetite.

The researchers also could not tell whether skipping lunch before an early-evening workout would have the same effects, although it seemed likely, Gonzalez said.

"We believe that the key is the fasting period, rather than the time of day," he said.

So, if you hope to exercise in the coming holiday period, you might try to get up and out early or after not eating for hours.

But, Gonzalez said, if your schedule or preferences prevent you from exercising in the morning or on an empty stomach, do not sweat it.

"Any physical activity," he said, whenever you can fit it in, "is better than none."

NYTIMES