Fifteen years ago, parents and caregivers did not have to worry about teaching pre-school-aged children about Internet safety. A new report prepared for the Children's Commissioner of England suggests this time has passed.

Children now live in a digital age, which means Internet access is a daily part of life for many young children around the world.

Touch-screen technologies have changed how accessible the Internet is for very young children, particularly between the ages of four and five. It is now quicker and easier to connect to the Internet using these technologies as they do not require the same level of fine motor and literacy skills used to navigate a mouse and keyboard.

More recently, the Internet of Things has become widespread. The Internet of Things uses small chips embedded in everyday items, including children's toys, to communicate information to the Net. Children's dolls, teddy bears and figurines can record their play and upload this information as data to the Web. This can occur without children's consent because they would not be aware that they are generating data.

THE THREE MAIN RISKS

Internet safety addresses three main risks faced by children online. These are contact, conduct and content risks:

• Contact risks involve children talking to unknown people on the Internet. They also include the harvesting of children's data, such as recording their activity on an online game;

• Conduct risks are about behaving respectfully online and learning to manage digital footprints;

• Content risks are concerned with the type of material children view and consume when accessing the Internet.

For pre-school-aged children, content risks include accidentally viewing inappropriate content such as pornography.

Content also considers the quality of material made available to children. How people are represented in society is mirrored back to children through the media they consume. Quality content for young children has been a concern of the Australian Council on Children and the Media for many years.

Contact risks are most likely to occur for pre-school-aged children in the form of pop-ups. Children of this age can also be active in virtual worlds, such as Pocoyo World or Club Penguin, where they can engage with other members. Children may not always know the members they are playing with in these worlds.

Conduct involves learning how to be respectful online. Parents can model good conduct behaviours to their children by always asking permission to take photos before posting to social media.

CHILDREN AS YOUNG AS FOUR ARE NOW ONLINE

Internet safety in early childhood is a new area of research because, until now, children as young as four were not able to easily access the Internet.

A recent study conducted with 70 four-year-old children examined what they understand about the Internet and being safe online. In this study, only 40 per cent of children were able to describe the Internet. This was despite all of them having access to Internet at home, predominantly through touch-screen technologies.

Children's understandings of the Internet were associated with their experiences going online and using technologies with their families. They defined the Internet as being "in the iPad" or something they used "in the lounge room" to "play games".

Children were also aware the Internet "was used by Mummy for her work" or "by my big sister for her e-mails".

About 73 per cent of the children said they would tell someone their address on the Internet and 70 per cent said they would tell someone how old they were. A further 89 per cent of children indicated they would click on a pop-up, even if they did not know what it was about.

PARENTING YOUNG CHILDREN FOR INTERNET SAFETY

Because children face content, contact and conduct risks online, they require a basic understanding of the Internet.

The most important thing which parents can teach their children about Internet safety is that "the Internet" means a network of technologies that can "talk" to one another.

This is like teaching children to be sun smart. First, we explain the sun can harm our skin. Next, we teach children to wear a hat, a long-sleeved shirt and sunscreen to protect themselves.

For Internet safety, we should first explain that the Internet uses many technologies that share information created and collected by lots of people. Then we can teach children how to protect themselves online. Some things to teach your child are:

• Seek help from an adult when you encounter a pop-up;

• Use only adult-approved sources for content;

• Do not share personal information online;

• Try to be near an adult when using a device;

• Click only on apps and tabs a parent or caregiver has set up for you.

The Internet forms a large part of daily life for many young children. From watching their favourite YouTube clips to playing games to talking with a long-distance relative over video-conferencing, being online is not much different to a young child than being offline. Being safe in both spaces is possible with adult support.

• The writer is Professor of Education at the Australian Catholic University.

• This article first appeared in The Conversation at http://theconversation.com, a website that carries analyses by academics and researchers.