He oversees a school system that has just been ranked No. 1 in a prestigious international benchmarking test, but Education Minister in charge of schools Ng Chee Meng is filled with "divine discontent".

There have been many attempts to explain the No. 1 ranking in mathematics, science and reading that 15-year-olds here recently achieved in what is dubbed education's World Cup - the Programme for International Student Assessment (Pisa) conducted by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Education experts worldwide have put Singapore's success story under scrutiny and concluded that it is down to rigour, coherence in policy implementation and a culture that prioritises academics. But Mr Ng says the "secret sauce" is the 33,000-strong teaching service.

A 2010 report by global management consulting firm McKinsey praises Singapore's pool of great teachers, achieved by making teaching appealing to its top students with competitive salaries, rigorous training and opportunities to grow professionally.

Clearly proud of the "army" under his purview, Mr Ng says: "Education ministers from other countries often ask me what are the key ingredients. I tell them that we have forward-looking policies and good systems in place. But really the key thing is our teachers and the first-rate work they do.

"You can have the best policies, but without the commitment and dedication of teachers, we will not be able to deliver real outcomes."

But he admits that not all is right, hence his "divine discontent", a phrase Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong used in his National Day Rally Speech to urge Singaporeans to never rest on their laurels.

Part of Mr Ng's concern stems from complaints by employers and company chiefs, who say Singapore workers, despite being technically good and hardworking, do not think out of the box and lack the derring-do to push boundaries.

He feels it is fair criticism and agrees there is a need to break away from the shackles of some parts of local culture - the kiasuism (being afraid to lose out) and kiasism (being timid). Especially when the world is changing so rapidly and disruption is happening all around. "What has afforded success for one generation, may not for another," he says.

He stresses that to thrive in the new economy, Singaporean workers need to move up the value chain. "So an engineer, instead of just being able to work complex machinery, should be able to design one."

NURTURING FROM YOUNG

So, how does Singapore create workers who can create value?

By nurturing the "entrepreneurial dare" in young Singaporeans.

Mr Ng is quick to add that he does not mean all Singaporeans should become entrepreneurs or businessmen. "It's a mindset. An attitude of wanting to do better, find break- throughs, of wanting to innovate. If I were to use a Hokkien word, it would be chiong, not a reckless chiong, but taking into account the risks involved and doing it anyway."

The nurturing has to start from young, in school.

He has looked at the education systems of the United States and Israel, two nations known for innovation and entrepreneurship. What struck him is the informal learning that goes on alongside the formal learning in their schools.

To explain how informal learning can nurture the traits and qualities making up "entrepreneurial dare", he brings up examples from local schools. One is the so-called "makerspaces" cropping up in schools which teach design thinking to all students. "It's an environment for kids to explore, to create. In the process, some may fail, but failing is part of the route to success," he says.

A WALL OF OPPORTUNITY

Another example is the 9m climbing wall in Hougang Primary. Pupils from Primary 3 onwards get to try climbing during PE.

Mr Ng says: "It's just a wall, but it presents so many opportunities to learn things like grit and resilience, cooperation, because you depend on your schoolmates, the belayers who secure climbers at the end of the rope. In the process, they learn how to work as a team, cooperate, communicate and rely on each other. These are the qualities caught through sports like this. It's difficult to do this in the classroom."

He urges parents not to constantly smoothen the pathway for their children, but to allow them to fail and try again. "I am a parent with two daughters, so I know how parents feel. But we all need to take a step back and think if we are really helping our children...

"Parents may have the best intentions, but imagine if this is aggregated over 10 years, until the child is 16 or 18. The child may not have had the necessary experiences to know how to bounce back from failure, a tenacious attitude to overcome obstacles and succeed in life."

He urges a paradigm shift, away from the unhealthy focus on exam grades and getting into top schools. "We all have to ask ourselves: Ultimately, what is education's mission? Is it about exam results? Is it about reaching No. 1 on Pisa? The answer must be 'no'. It's really about helping our children discover the joy of learning and preparing them for the future."

He admits being bothered by the "niggling Pisa question" - why is it that Singapore, despite doing so well in these global tests, does not go on to produce prize-winning scientists, innovators and entrepreneurs such as Steve Jobs? Yet, the US, which is placed much lower than Singapore in such tests, produces world leaders in many fields.

Mr Ng goes back to Deputy Prime Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam's response to the same question, when it was posed by CNN journalist Fareed Zakaria several years ago. Mr Tharman had said that, unlike the US, Singapore was an exam meritocracy, not a talent meritocracy, and the US had a culture of learning that challenges conventional wisdom. "These are the areas where Singapore must learn from America," he said.

Mr Ng highlights notable Singaporeans, including Ms Olivia Lum who founded the water treatment firm Hyflux, Mr Sim Wong Hoo who invented the Sound Blaster sound card and founded Creative Technology, and Raffles Institution student Deanna See who last month won a US$250,000 (S$360,000) prize funded by Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg for her homemade video explaining antibiotic resistance. And declares: "Never say never. I am optimistic. In another 10, 20 years we may have a Joseph Schooling equivalent of a scientist from A*Star...

"The thing is, how do we increase the probability of this happening?

"The way to do it is to keep the academic rigour but build in our students the X-factor - that entrepreneurial dare."