INDEPENDENT senator of New South Wales David Leyonhjelm has launched a parliamentary inquiry into what he calls "the nanny state" in Australia. He objects to what he sees as government interference with the freedom of people to make choices, including, if they want, bad choices.
"It's not the government's business unless you are likely to harm another person," he says. "Harming yourself is your business."
Mr Leyonhjelm is a libertarian, someone who believes that individual liberty is paramount and should be restricted in as few ways as possible.
Liberty and choice
THE principle he invokes - that it is the business of government to interfere only when we risk harming others - is actually a cornerstone of liberal thought. It's often called Mill's principle, after John Stuart Mill, the famous liberal, utilitarian and early feminist.
In his seminal text, On Liberty, Mill wrote that "the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others".
Mill thought government interference in our choices was oppressive even if that interference was genuinely for our own good.
Most of us would probably agree that there ought to be limits on how much governments can interfere with our choices, and that we are often better judges in our own case than outsiders could be. But agreeing with this much leaves plenty of room for debate.
How much interference is too much? Are there domains in which we are not good judges of our own good and might benefit from - even welcome - outside interference?
There's a large body of psychological literature on how good people are at making decisions. The record is not encouraging: People regularly make choices that they think will make them happier but actually will not.
We have major problems with what psychologists sometimes call affective forecasting: We think we know how happy something will make us, but we're wrong.
This leads us to make bad choices with regard to money, in particular: People think that a pay rise, or winning the lottery, will increase their happiness, but if they're already comfortably well off, the money makes little or no difference. And that's not because nothing can be done to increase our happiness.
We also routinely make decisions we later regret. For instance, in countries where there's no real national health system and no compulsory insurance, people routinely go under-insured, and often pay a high price for it. Part of the reason for this is that we tend to think of ourselves as much less likely to become seriously ill than we actually are. In terms of health, then, government interference may save us from ourselves.
Your kind of society
WHILE Mill's harm principle is very attractive, it may well be that it's psychologically unrealistic. It was formulated at a time when optimism in the power of rationality was at its peak and scientific psychology was in its infancy. We now know that we are less rational than we had hoped and that we often make better decisions collectively than we would by ourselves.
Many people who recognise that they are apt to make bad decisions in the heat of the moment take steps to prevent it. In The Odyssey, for instance, Ulysses tied himself to the mast so he wouldn't be seduced by the sirens' song.
Many of us do something similar, if less dramatic. We salary-sacrifice into superannuation not merely to take advantage of higher interest rates but to put the money out of our own reach. We deliberately buy a smaller tub of ice cream so the hassle of going out and buying more will prevent us from bingeing, and so on. We impose restrictions on ourselves.
In a democracy, voting for a nanny state may be a way of imposing restrictions on ourselves. So long as the restrictions are not unduly burdensome, they don't have much call on our sympathy.
We don't want government interfering with our fundamental freedoms, even for our own good. One fundamental freedom is the freedom to live in accordance with our own conception of the sort of society we want to live in.
Mr Leyonhjelm's proposal is not philosophically neutral. He has deep-seated philosophical views about the community, the state, even about what it is to be human. He thinks of human beings as essentially independent individuals, each choosing for him or herself and bound to one another only by chosen ties. It is this deeply atomising picture he hopes to impose on us all.
We may choose to fight and vote for a different conception of what it is to be human, where we are each deeply bound to and interdependent on one another and in which we may rightly ask each other to bear certain burdens.
That too is not a neutral conception of a flourishing human life, but it doesn't pretend to be. Both pictures will be found attractive by many of us. Contemporary Australia represents a compromise between them and perhaps is all the better for it.
The writer is a professor at Macquarie University in Australia. This article first appeared in conversation.com, an Australian-based website of analysis from academics and researchers.
