(NYTIMES) - Women represent half of the planet's population. Yet tech companies catering to their specific health needs represent a minute share of the global tech market.

Tapping that spending power, a multitude of apps and tech companies have sprung up in the last decade to address women's needs, including tracking menstruation and fertility, and offering solutions for pregnancy, breastfeeding and menopause.

Medical start-ups also have stepped in to prevent or manage serious conditions such as cancer.

"The market potential is huge," said psychiatrist Michelle Tempest, a partner at the London-based healthcare consultancy Candesic. "There's definitely an increasing appetite for anything in the world which is technology, and a realisation that female consumer power has arrived - and that it's arrived in healthcare."

She said one reason women-related needs had not been focused on in the field of technology was that life sciences research was overwhelmingly "tailored to the male body".

In 1977, the US Food and Drug Administration excluded women of child-bearing age from taking part in drug trials. Since then, women have been underrepresented in drug trials, because of a belief that fluctuations caused by menstrual cycles could affect trial results and also because if a woman got pregnant after taking a trial drug, the drug could affect the foetus.

The term "femtech" was coined by Ms Ida Tin, the Danish-born founder of Clue, a period and ovulation tracking app established in Germany in 2013. She recalled how she first had the idea for the app.

In 2009, she found herself holding a cellphone in one hand and a small temperature-taking device in the other and wishing she could merge the two to track her fertility days, rather than manually having to note her temperature on a spreadsheet.

Clue allows women to do exactly that with a few taps on their smartphone. Today, the company has a lot of competition in the period- and fertility-tracking area. And plenty of other women-specific tools have come onto the market.

Elvie, a London-based company, has marketed a wearable breast pump and a pelvic exercise trainer and app, both using smart technology. Another strand of femtech known as "menotech" aims to improve women's lifestyles as they go through menopause, providing access to telemedicine, and information that women can tap.

Finally, there are medical technology companies focused on cancers that affect women, such as cervical cancer and breast cancer.

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), cervical cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer among women around the world. In 2018, about 570,000 women had it, and as many as 311,000 died. The WHO in November announced a programme to eradicate the disease completely by the year 2030.

MobileODT, a start-up based in Tel Aviv, Israel, uses smartphones and artificial intelligence to screen for cervical cancer.

A colposcope - a portable imaging device that is 1½ times the size of a smartphone - is used to take a photograph of a woman's cervix from a distance of about 1m. The image is then transmitted to the cloud via a smartphone, where artificial intelligence is used to identify normal or abnormal cervical findings.

A diagnosis is delivered in about 60 seconds - against the weeks it usually takes to receive the results of a standard smear test (which, in developing countries, extends to months). In addition to this screening, doctors still use smear tests.

Mr Leon Boston, the South African-born chief executive of MobileODT, said the privately owned company was selling into about 20 different countries including the United States, India, South Korea and Brazil, and is going into a fundraising round to build on its initial seed money of US$24 million (S$32 million).

But the leading cause of cancer among women all over the world is breast cancer. One French start-up is focused on dealing with its aftermath. Lattice Medical has developed a 3D-printed hollow breast implant that allows for the regeneration of tissue and is absorbed by the body over time.

How it works: Post-mastectomy, the surgeon harvests a small flap of fat from the area immediately around the woman's breast and places it inside the 3D-printed bioprosthesis. That piece of tissue grows inside the implant and eventually fills it out. In the meantime, the 3D-printed shell disappears completely 18 months later.

So far, tests on animals have been encouraging, said Mr Julien Payen, the company's co-founder and chief executive. Clinical trials on women are expected to start in 2022, with the aim of getting the product into the market in 2025, he added.

Asked why the global femtech market was so small for technology companies, Mr Boston said it was partly because of the "high level of regulation" involved in medical technology.

"If your technology is incorrect and comes up with the wrong result, a woman who thinks she's not positive for cervical cancer is actually positive," he said. As a result, "the world of medical technology is slow to move".

Still, prospects are favourable, according to Mr Boston, who said: "It's very rare to have a totally barren market open for full potential as we have today in medical technology."

According to a March 2020 report by Frost & Sullivan, a research and strategy consultancy, revenue from femtech is expected to reach US$1.1 billion by 2024.