MUZAFFARNAGAR, India (AFP) - Voting got under way on Saturday (Feb 11) in India's most populous state Uttar Pradesh in a contest seen as a key test for Mr Narendra Modi halfway into his first term as prime minister.
Uttar Pradesh is home to over 200 million people - more than the entire population of Brazil - and polls there are a bellwether of national politics.
This time they are also being seen as a referendum on Mr Modi's controversial ban on high-value notes, a move aimed at combating tax evasion by the rich that has also hit poor rural communities hard.
The northern state voted overwhelmingly for Mr Modi's Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the 2014 general election, powering him to victory over the Congress Party that has dominated Indian politics since independence.
Voting will be staggered over several weeks, with the first phase on Saturday seeing long queues snake from polling booths as Indians cast their ballots and got their fingers inked.
There were no initial reports of disturbances, but security was tight in the western city of Muzaffarnagar, with soldiers deployed to guard voting stations.
The district was the scene of deadly Hindu-Muslim riots in 2013 that left at least 50 people dead and thousands displaced.
This time around the BJP faces a major challenge from the youthful and charismatic current Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav, running in an alliance with Congress.
"The government will be judged on the popularity or lack of popularity of its demonetisation policy in India's most populous state," said Dr Ashok Malik, a fellow with think-tank Observer Research Foundation.
"There will also be other factors at play in these state polls, but Mr Modi's BJP will be judged in comparison to its performance in the state in 2014."
The results will be out on March 11, and pollsters put the BJP neck and neck with Mr Yadav's Samajwadi Party and Congress.
Congress, whose 46-year-old likely next leader Rahul Gandhi has campaigned alongside Mr Yadav, desperately needs a win after a dismal performance in 2014.
Both Mr Modi and Mr Gandhi - scion of the family that has dominated the party for generations - have their seats in Uttar Pradesh, underscoring the importance of the electorally pivotal state.
Dr Malik cautioned against discounting Mayawati, who goes by only one name and is a low-caste leader known as the "Dalit Queen" whose Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was once seen as unassailable in the state.
With so much at stake, Mr Modi has personally led the campaigning for his party.
But some observers said the BJP's failure to put forward a local face could backfire, as it did in the neighbouring state of Bihar in 2015.
"If it loses UP, it will be this factor that killed its hopes," said journalist R. Jagannathan in an opinion piece for the Times of India daily.
"The electorate knows it will get Akhilesh Yadav as chief minister if the SP-Congress coalition wins, but it is not sure what will emerge from the black box if BJP wins."
