Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) returned to power in the western state of Maharashtra, but was falling short of a majority in the northern state of Haryana in a mixed set of results for a party that has seemed invincible.
The state elections were seen to be a test for the BJP, which highlighted Mr Modi's decisions, such as the removal of special autonomy for Kashmir and his fight against Pakistan.
In Haryana, the BJP, which was in power, won 31 seats and was leading in nine of the 90 assembly seats. The opposition Congress party, which rolled out a lacklustre campaign and has been struggling to remain politically relevant, managed to win 25 seats in Haryana and was leading in six.
A small regional outfit called the Jannayak Janata Party (JJP) is seen as being crucial for the formation of government in Haryana, but is yet to reveal who it would tie up with.
The BJP could still form the government if it gets support from the JJP or some independents.
It appeared confident of that prospect last night, when Mr Modi tweeted: "I thank the people of Haryana for blessing us. We will continue to work with the same zeal and dedication for the state's progress."
In Maharashtra, the BJP-led alliance was heading for victory, leading and winning 160 seats out of 288. In 2014, the BJP won 52 seats in Haryana and 122 in Maharashtra. The Congress party won 15 and 42 seats, respectively.
The state elections are the first since Mr Modi returned to power in a landslide win in May.
Still, the ruling party has been dealing with a worsening economic situation, with unemployment at a 45-year high and economic growth slumping to between 5 per cent and 6 per cent amid signs of distress in the rural economy.
The polls also come after the Modi government removed autonomy from Kashmir and enforced a communication lockdown, which is now being slowly eased. The decision to remove special autonomy from Muslim-majority Kashmir was a key campaign theme for the BJP, particularly in Haryana, which has a strong tradition of its young joining the armed forces.
It also highlighted its drive against illegal immigrants in the north-eastern state of Assam - where 1.9 million people are on their way to becoming stateless.
Analysts believe the results in Haryana are a sign of voter discontent against the state government led by BJP Chief Minister Manohar Lal Khattar, and a failure to convert Mr Modi's popularity into votes. They said issues like unemployment would have been a factor too.
"It's an issue of regional leaders. There are problems in their performance. Modi's popularity is still intact, but transforming popularity into votes is the responsibility of the party organisation in the state," said Mr Badri Narayan Tiwari, an Uttar Pradesh-based political analyst.
Dr Sandeep Shastri, pro-vice-chancellor of Jain University, said the Haryana results were a setback for the BJP, which was also winning fewer seats in Maharashtra than it did in 2014.
"I would argue the BJP is on a backfoot after these two results. While the alliance has won in Maharashtra, I think (BJP ally) Shiv Sena will be able to assert itself much more as part of the alliance. At the end of the day, this is not the type of results the BJP has been hoping for. It has retained one state and come out bruised in the other state," said Dr Shastri.
"Haryana is a significant setback. For the BJP, it goes to show you cannot always rely on the leadership in Delhi. State leadership needs to have delivered. The BJP focused on the national election, but the voters were looking at local issues."
Yet the results are also seen to be encouraging for the opposition parties, subdued since the BJP's sweep in the general election.
"Maharashtra and Haryana assembly elections have once again proved: BJP is not invincible. Opposition needs to work hard," tweeted journalist and political analyst Nikhil Wagle.
