HO CHI MINH CITY (REUTERS) - The United States is seeking to send thousands of immigrants from Vietnam back to the communist-ruled country despite a bilateral agreement that should protect most from deportation, according to Washington's former ambassador to Hanoi.
A "small number" of people protected by the agreement have already been sent back, the former ambassador, Mr Ted Osius, told Reuters in an interview.
Mr Osius said that many of the targeted immigrants were supporters of the now defunct US-backed state of South Vietnam, and Hanoi would see them as destabilising elements.
"These people don't really have a country to come back to," he said.
Many of those targeted would have come to the United States as refugees after the end of the Vietnam War.
Mr Osius said the push by the Trump administration started in April last year and contributed to his resignation in October.
A US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) spokesman, Mr Brendan Raedy, said that as of December last year, there were 8,600 Vietnamese nationals in the United States subject to deportation and "7,821 have criminal convictions".
The Trump administration has labelled Vietnam and eight other countries "recalcitrant" for their unwillingness to accept their deported nationals back.
The Vietnamese immigrants, most of whom are legal US residents but not citizens, are in a unique position, however.
According to Mr Osius, most of those targeted for deportation arrived in the United States prior to 1995, the year diplomatic relations between Vietnam and the United States were resumed after the Vietnam War.
A 2008 bilateral agreement between Vietnam and the United States states that "Vietnamese citizens are not subject to return to Vietnam" if they "arrived in the United States before July 12, 1995".
Mr Osius said the Trump administration had threatened to withhold privileges for Vietnamese officials to the United States and link the issue to trade between the two countries.
He said some immigrants had been involved in serious crimes. But, he added, "There was an agreement in 2008 that the cases between 1975 and 1995 would be left alone."
Mr Raedy, the ICE spokesman, did not specify the reason those without criminal convictions had been targeted, but immigrants living in the United States without legal status are also subject to deportation.
The White House declined to comment on the deportations.
Ms Katina Adams, a spokeswoman for the State Department's East Asia bureau, said the US and Vietnamese governments "continue to discuss their respective positions relative to Vietnamese citizens who departed Vietnam for the United States".
A senior Vietnamese official confirmed that Hanoi was "in discussions" with the United States over the issue.
"Many of the people went to the US as a consequence of the war," said the official, who requested anonymity. "For those who came to the US later, not as a consequence of the war, that's a different thing."
"Those we need to accept."
Hanoi has objected to Washington's insistence on the deportations, Mr Osius said in the interview in Ho Chi Minh City, where he is now vice president of Fulbright University Vietnam.
"There was resistance on the Vietnamese side because these folks would make trouble," he said. "They'd be worried about them being destabilising actors in this country".
Mr Osius said he warned the administration that its stance could threaten hard-won and deepening ties with Hanoi.
"That's what I felt I had to defend against. Even if it meant torpedoing the security relationship, the trade relationship," Mr Osius said.
According to ICE figures, 71 Vietnamese people were deported to Vietnam last year, compared to 35 in 2016, and 32 in 2015. The figures do not state when the deportees arrived in the United States.
Up to two million refugees left Vietnam after the war, many escaping reprisals against those who had worked for the government of South Vietnam.
In the spring of 1975 alone, some 125,000 people left the south for the United States. Thousands more resettled there in later years.
Despite sweeping reforms in Vietnam's economy and increasing openness towards social change, the Communist Party retains tight media censorship and zero tolerance for criticism.
In January, Vietnam listed a US-based group still loyal to South Vietnam as a terrorist organisation, and jailed four people for seven to 12 years for flying the South Vietnamese flag.
A lawsuit filed in Los Angeles federal court in February challenged the push to deport Vietnamese nationals, alleging that ICE last year "abruptly departed from past enforcement practices pertaining to pre-1995 Vietnamese immigrants".
Last September, Mr Osius wrote to then Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, asking him to reconsider the policy.
In November, after Mr Osius had resigned, Mr Tillerson wrote back to say that the "status quo on repatriation cannot continue" and that Vietnam needed to take back more deportees. The cable was reviewed by Reuters.
Mr Tillerson could not be reached for comment.
