KUALA LUMPUR (NYTIMES) - Over the past three decades, this increasingly prosperous nation has become the fattest country in Asia, with nearly half the adult population now overweight or obese.

Several years ago, Dr Tee E Siong, Malaysia's leading nutrition expert, decided to act, organising a far-reaching study of local diets and lifestyle habits.

The research, conducted by scientists from the Nutrition Society of Malaysia, which Tee heads, has produced several articles for peer-reviewed academic journals. But scientists were not the only ones vetting the material. One of the reviewers was Nestlé, the world's largest food company, which financed the research.

Among the published articles was one that concluded that children who drank malted breakfast beverages - a category dominated in Malaysia by Milo, a sugary powder drink made by Nestlé - were more likely to be physically active and spend less time in front of a computer or television.

The research exemplified a practice that began in the West and has moved, along with rising obesity rates, to developing countries: deep financial partnerships between the world's largest food companies and nutrition scientists, policymakers and academic societies.

As they seek to expand their markets, big food companies are spending significant funds in developing countries, from India to Cameroon, in support of local nutrition scientists. The industry funds research projects, pays scholars consulting fees, and sponsors most major nutrition conferences at a time when sales of processed foods are soaring.

In Malaysia, sales have increased 105 per cent over the past five years, according to Euromonitor, a market research company.

Similar relationships have ignited a growing outcry in the US and Europe, and a veritable civil war in the field between those who take food industry funding and those who argue that the money manipulates science and misleads policymakers and consumers.

But in developing countries, where government research funding is scarce and there is less resistance to the practice, companies are doubling down in their efforts.

Few examples of close ties between industry and science are as striking as those held by Tee, 70, a relationship that has deepened in recent years.

"He's a God in the region," said Barry Popkin, a professor of nutrition at the University of North Carolina. "But at the same time, he's very linked to industry."

When corporate money influences nutrition science, Popkin said, the evidence of what is healthy for people "gets obscured, gets confounded".

In addition to Nestlé, Tee's work has been funded by Kellogg's, PepsiCo and Tate & Lyle, one of the world's biggest makers of high-fructose corn syrup, among others. He said scientists need cooperation and financial support from companies, who can supply much-needed resources.

He noted that traditional Malaysian cuisine - curries and other sugar-laden street foods - are key contributors to obesity but said that working with street vendors and mom-and-pop companies to make their food healthier is difficult. Working with multinational companies is easier and more productive, he said.

Tee said he has used his position in the government to push for important steps to regulate companies, including a 2003 rule that required food companies to put nutritional information - the levels of fat, sugars and protein - on their packaging.

"We were one of the first countries in Asia to do it," he said.

Nestlé said it is important for the company to collaborate in efforts to improve nutrition around the globe.

"Nestlé believes that public health issues can only be addressed by a broad multi-stakeholder approach and that we can play a catalyst role," the company said in an emailed statement.

Nestlé reads papers before publication as part of a written agreement between the company and Tee's Nutrition Society.

The company said its review of the article on the breakfast study and other research was intended "to ensure that the methodology was scientifically correct".

The statement said: "We approach our research transparently and apply strict standards to ensure project integrity until the publication of the study."

EDUCATED FOOD CHOICES

Tee recently wandered with a reporter through brightly lit supermarket aisles in a suburb of the Malaysian capital. The shelves were packed with products now found across the globe: instant noodles, spaghetti sauce, soda and rows of sugary cereals, including Nestlé's Stars, which is 28 per cent sugar and has a bright red circle on the bottom right of the box that says "Selected Healthier Choice Malaysia Ministry of Health".

"We have to stop blaming the multinationals," Tee said. The real problem, he continued, is not the type of food people eat, but how much of it, and their lifestyle.

"Malaysians are always eating. They don't exercise," he said. "But you don't need to go the gym. You need to walk outside. It's free. Get off your chair and move!"

Dapper and soft-spoken, Tee, who has a doctorate in food science from the Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, bounces around the globe attending and organising conferences.

In 2002, he started a consulting business, TES NutriHealth, whose clients are small food companies. At the same time he sits on seven government committees and was chairman of the committee on nutrition and health claims until 2011.

In 2014, he created the South-east Asian Public Health Nutrition Network, or SEA-PHN, with nutrition leaders from Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam. Much of the network's funding comes from Danone, Nestlé, PepsiCo and other large food companies, whose logos are displayed prominently on the SEA-PHN website and its annual reports. Tee says nearly all of the group's funding comes from corporate sponsorship and fees for attending conferences.

The food companies are not only sponsors of the network, but also "associate members" who plan and participate in its activities, including the financing of scientific papers and launching nutrition education programmes in schools throughout South-east Asia.

In Malaysia, Tee's nutrition society created an education pamphlet for parents that explained "the wonders of whole grains".

The brochure includes ads for Nestlé's Koko Krunch and Cookie Crisp cereals, which have a "whole grain" label but are more than a quarter sugar by weight.

The nutrition society has promoted "Nestlé Healthy Kids," a programme that promotes the value of breakfast and exercise, reached 4,200 children in 77 schools in 2014, and that is marketed with a video promoting Nestlé and quoting children. Nestlé says the programme itself does not include product brands, but the booklets and posters in the programme are stamped with the company's name, the video shows.

One girl in the video explains: "I eat cereal with milk for breakfast because it gives me energy and I don't feel sleepy in class."

SHAPING PUBLIC THINKING

Two of Malaysia's top health officials recently sat down at the health ministry's offices to discuss obesity and Tee's role in the country's response to it.

"I really admire him," said Zalma Abdul Razak, the head of nutrition at the ministry. "Nobody can replace him as the president of the Nutrition Society of Malaysia."

According to their annual accounting reports, the nutrition society has received hundreds of thousands of dollars from industry, including at least US$188,000 (S$253,000) from Nestlé and Cereal Partners Worldwide - a joint venture between Nestlé and General Mills - for the breakfast study.

It has also received at least US$44,000 directly from Nestlé for other projects and collaborations; about US$11,000 from the dairy industry; US$10,000 from the artificial sweetener company Ajinomoto, which makes aspartame; and at least US$40,000 from Philips Avent, the baby and consumer products company, for projects related to infant and maternal nutrition.

PepsiCo and Tate & Lyle, the corn syrup producer, have sponsored the nutrition society's annual conference as well as Tee's South-east Asia Public Health Network, but the companies declined to say how much money they contribute.

The ethos of corporate partnership runs through a number of health initiatives in Malaysia. A Health Ministry committee teamed up with the Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers, which includes representatives of major food companies, to develop a labeling system for the public. The labels tells consumers which packaged foods are a "healthier choice" than others in the same category.

Among the products that obtained the label were children's sugar cereals and Gatorade Quiet Storm, which has 16g of sugar per serving (roughly four teaspoons) and is given a grade of D-minus for its nutritional content by Food Educate, an app that grades the health of various foods and won a surgeon general's award.

The Malaysian health minister S. Subramaniam said the government's job was not to be a watchdog over big food companies.

"It's more cooperation," he said.

But some nutritionists say Malaysia's dietary guidelines, which Tee helped craft, are not as tough on sugar as they might otherwise be. They tell people to load up on grains and cereals, and to limit fat to less than 20 to 30 per cent of daily calories, a recommendation that was removed from dietary guidelines in the US in 2015 after evidence emerged that low-fat diets don't curb obesity and may contribute to it.

Corporate funding of nutrition science in Malaysia has weakened the case against sugar and processed foods, said Rohana Abdul Jalil, a Harvard-trained diet expert based in the rural state of Kelantan, where obesity is as high as in the biggest cities.

"There's never been an explicit, aggressive campaign against sugar," she said.

She works in Kota Bharu, the state's capital, where vendors set up food stalls outside schools, dosing out cups of soda from big plastic bottles and hawking chocolates and puffed corn and rice snacks flavored with squid, shrimp and cheese.

Rohana runs an obesity awareness class and was surprised to learn that many who attended it were not aware of the dangers of excess sugar consumption.

"I knew that sugar caused diabetes but I didn't realise it caused obesity," said Wan Maznah binti Hamzah, an employee in the public works department, adding she has now cut down sharply on cakes, ice cream and other sweets.

Elyza Ismail, who lives in a house beside rice paddies and has a business selling plus-sized clothes, said before she attended the class, she did not know that Milo, the Nestlé breakfast drink, contained so much sugar.

"I had this idea of Milo as healthy and strong," Elyza said, repeating an advertising slogan that has echoed in the ears of Malaysians for years.

Rohana, who does not take research money from companies, is promoting a back-to-basics approach: whole grain rice and other natural foods that are native to Malaysia.

She criticised the research papers that came out of the nutrition society's breakfast study. In addition to the paper that linked drinking malted beverages with more exercise and less screen time, Tee and his colleagues published a study that pointed to breakfast cereals, which are not part of the traditional Malaysian diet, as an "important source of nutrients", although the study also pointed to high sugar levels in the cereals.

Dr David Ludwig, a Harvard nutrition expert, described the study on breakfast beverages as "wildly overstated".

"There is no reason supplemental nutrients need to come in the form of a sugary beverage, especially for low-income populations at risk of obesity," he said.

Malaysian researchers involved in the breakfast study say in one instance Nestlé requested a reference to their Healthy Kids Programme, which the researchers agreed to. But Tee says he has final say over the research.

The research findings have been useful in Nestlé's marketing efforts.

In one commercial, a child is falling asleep and having trouble concentrating in class, then drinks a Milo and springs to life with energy.

For his part, Tee said the obesity risk in Malaysia would be worse without companies' help, and he could not accomplish his goals without their support.

"There are some people who say that we should not accept money for projects, for research studies. I'm aware of that," Tee said. "I have two choices: Either I don't do anything or I work with companies."