HONG KONG - After 2 ½ years of tight pandemic controls, some of Asia's last holdouts are opening their borders as they move to bolster their economies and play catch-up with a world that has largely learned to live with Covid-19.

Hong Kong said on Friday that it would abandon mandatory hotel quarantine for people coming to the city starting next week, following a similar move by Taiwan. Japan said it would drop its daily limit on arrivals and fully open its doors to tourists on Oct 11.

The flurry of moves this week have left just one major country with strict border controls: China, where the ruling Communist Party still clings to its "zero Covid" policy. Those who travel to China, mainly residents, still face 10 days of hotel quarantine at their own expense.

When the pandemic swept across the world in early 2020, many governments in Asia were quick to shut their borders, with most places locking out anyone who wasn't a resident. Reopening has been a grinding and slow process as officials fretted over the vulnerability of their older populations and feared their health systems would buckle.

But the isolation has become difficult to bear, especially as much of the rest of the world has fully reopened. Cut off from big-spending tourists and facing economic headwinds, business leaders have increasingly pressured officials in Japan, Hong Kong and Taiwan to rethink their policies.

Over the past two years, Japan and Hong Kong have missed out on hosting major global gatherings, the type that are central to their identities as important hubs in the region.

The Tokyo Olympics, originally scheduled for August 2020, were held a year later, but spectators were barred from most events.

Big, splashy events in Hong Kong like Art Basel, the Rugby Sevens and regional financial conferences were cancelled as the city remained closed off to nonresidents.

The pandemic perspective is shifting. Even as Covid-19 cases have spiked in many parts of Asia, hospitalisations and deaths have fallen as more recent strains of the coronavirus prove to be milder. In many places, authorities have tolerated higher case numbers as their vaccination rates have increased.

Last week, the World Health Organisation's director-general, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, said the end of the pandemic was "in sight", underscoring the collective readiness of many governments to begin to imagine a world beyond Covid-19.

"I'm conscious of the fact that, while we need to control the spread of Covid-19, we also need to ensure that there will be maximum activities in society and economic activities for society to carry on," Mr John Lee, Hong Kong's top leader, said this week before the relaxation of the rules on Friday.

It was the starkest admission yet that the strict rules, tied closely to mainland China's pandemic policy, had come at a cost that officials were no longer willing to tolerate.

Hong Kong had one of the strictest quarantine requirements for much of the pandemic, with 21 days of mandatory hotel quarantine for arrivals at one point. On Friday, officials announced a policy, to take effect next week, that will require visitors to do only several days of PCR testing and health monitoring.

Japan's prime minister, Fumio Kishida, acknowledged the importance of international tourists for the country's survival.

"People around the world have been asking, 'When can we travel to Japan?'" Mr Kishida said on Wednesday before the new rules were announced, according to the public broadcaster NHK. "Now, I hope they'll make plans to visit Japan and get a taste of Japanese cuisine."

In Taiwan, President Tsai Ing-wen said people were ready to reconnect to the rest of the world.

"It has finally come to the final moment of the pandemic," Ms Tsai wrote on her Facebook page. "Now, we must make every effort to revive tourism, stimulate the economy and lead Taiwan's economy to develop by leaps and bounds."

With borders restricted, tourism has been slow to come back in much of the region. Once a top aviation hub, Hong Kong was "effectively off the map now," Mr Willie Walsh, the director-general of the International Air Transport Association, said in April. Hong Kong International Airport reported just 5,080 passenger flights in August, compared with 30,000 in the same month of 2019.

In 2019, Japan took in around US$46.1 billion (S$65.9 billion) from foreign tourism, according to the Japan External Trade Organisation. Virtually all of that disappeared after the pandemic began.

Before its latest move, Japan had tried in fits and starts to get tourism going. In June, the government changed the border rules, letting in tourists who agreed to participate in guided tours booked through travel agencies. In September, it changed the rules again but still kept visitors on a tight leash.

Things got off to a slow start: Only 12,405 tourists entered the country in June, according to government data.

Japan's reopening could unleash a flood of pent-up travel demand, providing a much-needed boost to the country's travel and hospitality sectors. Almost 32 million international tourists visited Japan in 2019, triple the number from six years before, according to government data.

But inbound tourism is unlikely to approach pre-pandemic levels anytime soon. Chinese visitors, who accounted for around 30 per cent of Japan's inbound traffic in 2019, are severely limited in their ability to travel under Beijing's strict Covid-19 policies.

Domestically, Japan plans to encourage tourism by offering government-subsidised discounts to Japanese residents for hotels, restaurants and some kinds of entertainment, Mr Kishida said. It is a revival of a plan, known as "Go to Travel", that his predecessor introduced in an effort to increase domestic tourism after it was wiped out in the pandemic's early months.

Hong Kong, too, will find it difficult to rebound quickly. It is stuck in a balancing act between the demands of Beijing, which has ultimate say over what the city does, and the international community. So it can't go as far as its neighbours in opening up.

While the new rules are a major change, they will still prevent visitors from going to restaurants and bars during three days of mandatory health monitoring, raising questions about whether they will be enough to attract tourists coming for a short visit.

The approach will be tested in the coming weeks, when heads of global banks are expected to converge at a summit promoted as evidence that Hong Kong is still worthy of its self-appointed title as "Asia's World City". It will also host a fintech conference and the Rugby Sevens in November, an annual tournament that was one of the city's biggest events before the pandemic.

Whether the mainland changes its tough rules, though, will matter most for the many small businesses that have come to depend on Chinese tourists.

"The policy won't really help us, because our business is largely affected by mainland tourists, whose consumption power is stronger than those from Europe and America," said Mr Wang Tat, 50, who owns a seafood restaurant on Lamma Island with local delicacies like crab fried with ginger and clams in black bean sauce.

"I expect more European and American tourists to come and our business will be better, but our revenue probably won't recover back to the pre-pandemic era," Mr Wang said, adding that he has lost most of his business during the pandemic.

The Asian governments are all in need of the economic help.

Japan's economy has slowly begun to bounce back, with shoppers filling malls and families dining out. But the plunge in the yen, which is hovering around its weakest level in nearly 25 years, has been painful for domestic consumers.

In Hong Kong, thousands of small businesses have closed, unable to recover from several rounds of social distancing measures that forced restaurants and bars to remain shut for weeks or months. The tough measures, together with a crackdown on opposition in the former British colony, have prompted young Hong Kongers, expatriates and multinational companies to leave the city permanently.

While Taiwan's economy has remained relatively healthy thanks to its semiconductor industry, tourism has suffered. Taiwan capped the number of arrivals during the pandemic, and for a while, nonresidents couldn't go there at all. In 2019, 11.8 million tourists visited Taiwan, compared with 140,479 last year.

"The dark days of waiting to travel abroad have finally come to an end," said Ms April Lin, 36, a Taiwanese tour guide in the central city of Taichung. "It's a much-needed rain for many in the tourism industry." NYTIMES