BEIJING - "Dual circulation" has recently become a buzzword on Chinese media.

Since the concept was first mentioned at a meeting of the Politburo - a top decision-making body - in May, Chinese President Xi Jinping has repeatedly talked about dual circulation, which envisions a new economic development strategy relying less on global integration and more on expanding domestic commerce.

Meanwhile, scholars are increasingly debating whether this new model would represent a regression to the self-reliance planned-economy era from the more recent opening-up focus.

Here are five things to know about dual circulation:

1. What is dual circulation?

The idea first came up at a Politburo meeting on May 14 presided over by Mr Xi. At the meeting, the nation was urged to "fully bring out the advantage of China's super-large market scale and the potential of domestic demand to establish a new development pattern featuring domestic and international dual circulations that complement each other".

At another Politburo meeting in July, Mr Xi said China should speed up its "dual circulation" growth model with a focus on expanding local output while drawing in foreign investment and stabilising trade.

A meeting of the central committee for deepening overall reform on Sept 1 with Mr Xi presiding again emphasised that accelerating the establishment of a new development pattern featuring dual circulation is a systematic deep-level reform concerning the overall situation of the country.

2. Why now?

The Covid-19 pandemic has spread with alarming speed, infecting more than 27 million people around the world, dragging the global economy into the deepest recession since World War II.

According to World Bank forecasts, the world's economic output is expected to shrink by 5.2 per cent this year. Economic activity among advanced economies is projected to shrink 7 per cent this year as domestic demand has been severely disrupted.

Even though China is still expected to manage economic expansion of 1.6 per cent this year, the current tough external environment means that shrinking demand for Chinese goods will surely cut deeply into growth.

Even before the pandemic hit, Beijing was trying to restructure the economy, as many experts had warned that the export-led growth strategy was not sustainable for China in the long run.

The swerve also comes amid increasing US hostility towards Chinese tech companies, including tech giant Huawei and now the popular video app TikTok owned by ByteDance.

3. Is dual circulation actually internal circulation only?

Some interpret the emphasis on local demand as a switch to "internal circulation" and an end to China's opening-up policies.

Mr Xi, meeting a group of public and private business leaders and discussing dual circulation in July, called for domestic entrepreneurs to have "a high sense of mission and a strong sense of responsibility for the country".

Meanwhile, he also emphasised the opening of the economy and treating foreign businesses equally.

"I have repeatedly stressed that China's open door will not be closed, but will only get wider and wider," Mr Xi told the entrepreneurs.

Though policy insiders and government advisers say it is impossible for China to completely close its doors, many expect that a partial decoupling may be possible, especially with the United States.

4. What does China need to do to make the switch?

Reorienting the world's second-largest economy around domestic demand will require a deep economic, social and political transformation.

The consumption share of the Chinese economy remains extraordinarily low, accounting for 38.8 per cent of GDP in 2019, compared with 66 per cent in the US.

For Chinese consumption to broadly align with that of other developing countries, ordinary households must cover at least 10-15 percentage points of GDP at the expense of businesses and the government, which will not be easy, said finance professor Michael Pettis at Peking University.

This will require the deepening of domestic restructuring to expand the market orientation of the economy, increase productivity, level the playing field for the private sector, and enhance the social safety net to bolster consumption, said Dr Wang Tao, the head of Asia economics and chief China economist at UBS Investment Bank.

Dr Wang said he expected China's total consumption to increase by US$8 trillion (S$11 trillion) to US$9 trillion in the next decade, roughly doubling to US$17 trillion in 2030.

As part of the transition to domestic consumption, the State Council, or China's Cabinet, issued guidelines in June to help exporters sell goods into the domestic market.

But it is not easy for exporters to shift gears so quickly as they struggle to overcome a mountain of problems from supply-side issues such as product development, distribution and taxation, to demand-side hurdles that crimp consumption, navigating the complexities of e-commerce, and meeting rapidly changing shopping habits and consumer tastes.

5. When will China unveil details of the new strategy?

Though much has been said about dual circulation, no details have been given on the specific methods of execution.

Top officials in Beijing are drafting the 14th five-year plan, which will set out key economic and political goals for 2021-2025.

The dual circulation strategy is widely expected to become a key priority in the five-year plan, which is expected to be discussed and endorsed by top leaders at a key Communist Party conclave next month.

But details on the dual circulation strategy will not be available until the new five-year plan is released during the annual Parliament session early next year.

This story was originally published by Caixin Global.