TOKYO (REUTERS) - Since March 2011, Japan's government has focused on the cost of cleaning up after Fukushima, the worst nuclear accident since Chernobyl.
Now, the bill is coming for another unbudgeted consequence of that disaster - shutting down the nation's 48 remaining nuclear reactors for costly safety reviews that could see many of them mothballed.
While their reactors have been idle, Japan's nuclear plant operators have had to spend around US$87 billion (S$109 billion) to burn replacement fossil fuels. This, in part, explains the utilities' estimated combined losses of around US$47 billion as of March, and the US$60 billion wiped off the companies' market value.
That pain is beginning to tell.
Last week, Kyushu Electric Power Co was confirmed to be seeking a near US$1 billion bailout in the form of equity financing from the government-affiliated Development Bank of Japan because of the cost of idling its reactors, joining Hokkaido Electric Power Co which has also asked the bank for financial backing.
Even as Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's government hammers out the final terms of a delayed energy policy, the bill for a reduced role for nuclear power in the world's third-largest economy is becoming clearer. One way or another, Japan's taxpayers are going to be saddled with the cost of throttling back on nuclear power through taxes and higher electricity bills, analysts say, just as the government has had to provide funding for those who lost their homes and livelihoods after the Fukushima disaster.
The government took a controlling stake in Fukushima-operator Tokyo Electric Power Co (Tepco) in 2012 to keep it from insolvency, and the company still relies on government credits to pay compensation to those affected by the disaster, which forced 160,000 people from their homes.
The expanded government role in helping utilities pivot from nuclear power - from providing around 30 per cent of Japan's electricity to less than 10 per cent - has echoes of the bailouts of Japanese banks in the 1990s, said Mr Tom O'Sullivan, founder of energy consultancy Mathyos Japan and a former investment banker.
"The banks were forced to consolidate after those losses, so the outcome might be similar in this case," he said.
Regional power companies also face the prospect of tougher competition under planned electricity reforms that may ultimately see them broken into transmission and generation companies by around 2020.
All of Japan's 48 nuclear reactors have been shut down since last year, forcing utilities to import extra fossil fuels, driving their costs higher. To ease the strain, the companies have raised electricity charges, but the industry minister warned last week that further increases must be avoided.
The country's nine publicly traded nuclear operators together lost the equivalent of about US$31 billion in the two business years since Fukushima, and five of them also expect to be loss-making in the year just ended. Those results are due early next month.
Japanese banking practices make it difficult for private lenders to extend credit, including refinancing existing loans, to companies that post three straight years of losses.
Many creditors face the possibility of a double whammy in the case of any collapse of the utilities as they also hold shares. A unit of Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group is the biggest shareholder of Hokkaido Electric, and at least one of Japan's big three banks is listed in the top 10 shareholders of all the utilities except one, Shikoku Electric Power Co.
Hokkaido Electric's equity ratio - a measure of how much of its assets are financed by shareholders rather than creditors - has dropped to 8.9 per cent from 24.2 per cent before March 2011.
Kyushu Electric's ratio has more than halved to 11.5 per cent.
The average ratio of Japan's top companies is 43 per cent, finance ministry data shows.
Hokkaido Electric, Kyushu Electric, Kansai Electric Power Co - the second biggest utility after Tepco - and Shikoku were the most reliant on nuclear power before the Fukushima disaster. All of them forecast a third year of losses for the twelve months to March 31.
The two reactors at Kyushu Electric's Sendai nuclear plant are on the fast track for restarting, and are likely to be the first to come back online.
The utilities are also likely to have large, but still uncertain, decommissioning costs as many idled reactors are unlikely to pass strict new standards, a Reuters analysis has shown. Of the 48 reactors, 17 are unlikely to be restarted, and as many as 34 may have to be mothballed.
Utilities are required to set aside reserves for future decommissioning costs, but have an industry-wide shortfall of about US$11 billion if all the reactors remain offline, according to trade ministry estimates.
"Given Japan's government finances are mainly paid for by debt, bailing out the utilities means they're passing on the cost to future generations, which are declining in numbers,"said Mr Gerhard Fasol, the founder of Eurotechnology Japan, a Tokyo-based consultancy on energy and technology issues.
"Speeding up the pace of liberalisation might help by reducing costs. But this is unlikely to happen given the pace of change in the electricity industry is generally slow."
