LE BOURGET, France (AFP) - Sleep-starved envoys tasked with saving mankind from catastrophic climate change zeroed in on a historic Paris accord on Friday (Dec 11), battling through a second all-night session of UN talks in search of a solution.
Eleven days of bruising international diplomacy in the French capital appeared to finally open the door to an elusive deal, with a fresh draft of the pact released on Thursday night showing progress on some key issues.
"We are extremely close to the finish line," French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius, who is the president of the talks, said as he released the new text and launched a second consecutive night of non-stop negotiations.
Mr Fabius instructed the ministers from 195 nations to make unprecedented compromises on the outstanding issues: extremely complex rows primarily pitting rich countries against poor that have derailed previous UN efforts.
"It is time to come to an agreement. What is important now is to seek landing zones and compromise," he said.
World leaders have described the Paris talks as the last chance to avert disastrous climate change: increasingly severe drought, floods and storms, as well as rising seas that engulf islands and populated coastal regions.
The planned accord would seek to revolutionise the world's energy system by cutting back or potentially eliminating the burning of coal, oil and gas, which leads to the release of Earth-warming greenhouse gases.
UN efforts dating back to the 1990s have failed to reach a truly universal pact to contain climate change.
Developing nations have insisted established economic powerhouses must shoulder the lion's share of responsibility as they have emitted most of the greenhouse gases since the Industrial Revolution.
But the United States and other rich nations say emerging giants must also do more, arguing that developing countries now account for most of today's emissions and thus will be largely responsible for future warming.
They are arguments worth hundreds of billions of dollars, which still need to be resolved before the negotiators can leave Paris.
The French hosts are hoping for an accord to be sealed by Friday, although many observers are predicting the talks will extend into the weekend.
Among the most striking developments in the latest draft of the agreement is wording that seeks to resolve a dispute over what temperature limit target to set.
Nations most vulnerable to climate change had lobbied hard to limit warming to no more than 1.5 deg C compared with pre-Industrial Revolution levels.
However several big polluters, such as China and India, had preferred a ceiling of 2 deg C, which would allow them to burn fossil fuels for longer.
The latest draft offers a compromise that states the purpose of the agreement is to hold temperatures to well below 2 deg C, but to aim for 1.5 deg C.
"With this, I would be able to go home and tell my people that our chance for survival is not lost," said Mr Tony de Brum, Foreign Affairs Minister of the Marshall Islands, one of the archipelagic nations that could be wiped out by rising sea levels.
Another key set of words the French hosts hope have been settled in the draft is a commitment for all nations to aim for "the peaking of greenhouse gases as soon as possible".
"Assuming the deal does go through, this will be the first time in history at which virtually every country has committed to restraining its emissions of greenhouse gases," said Mr Richard Black, director of the London-based Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit.
Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop also told reporters after the draft was released that: "There's a sense of optimism".
But everyone at the talks was fully aware that the toughest issues, primarily over money, are still to be confronted.
Rich countries promised six years ago in Copenhagen to muster US$100 billion (S$140 billion ) a year from 2020 to help developing nations make the costly shift to clean energy, and to cope with the impact of global warming.
But how the pledged funds will be raised remains unclear - and developing countries are determined to secure a commitment for increasing amounts of money after 2020.
The latest text refers to the US$100 billion as a floor, potentially triggering a last-minute backlash from the US and other developed nations.
Another remaining flashpoint issue is how to compensate developing nations that will be worst hit by climate change but are least to blame for it.
The developing nations are demanding "loss and damage" provisions, which Washington is particularly wary of as it fears they could make US companies vulnerable to legal challenges for compensation.
Most nations submitted to the UN before the conference their voluntary plans to curb greenhouse gas emissions from 2020, a process that was widely hailed as an important platform for success.
But scientists say that, even if the cuts were fulfilled, they would still put Earth on track for warming of at least 2.7 deg C.
Negotiators also remain divided over when and how often to review national plans so that they can be "scaled up" with pledges for deeper emissions cuts.
