BERLIN (REUTERS) - In an extremely tight German state election that seemed to produce few clearcut winners, there was no argument over who the biggest loser was - Chancellor Angela Merkel.

Her Christian Democrats (CDU), led by rising star David McAllister, convinced themselves over the past week that they were on the verge of a stunning come-from-behind victory in Lower Saxony, a major agricultural and industrial region that is Germany's closest approximation to a swing state.

On Sunday, however, they came up agonisingly short, losing power to the centre-left Social Democrats (SPD) and Greens that together garnered just one more seat in the state assembly than the centre-right.

The defeat is a bitter one for Dr Merkel, even if she remains a strong favourite to win a third term in a federal election eight months from now.

In one fell swoop, it gives the centre-left a majority in the Bundesrat upper house of Parliament, meaning the opposition can block major legislation from Dr Merkel's government and initiate laws themselves.

"I assume it won't be possible to push anything through the Bundesrat that the SPD doesn't want," Mr Volker Kauder, a Merkel ally and leader of her CDU in Parliament, told German public television on Monday morning.

That will not change after the national election in September, even if Dr Merkel's centre-right coalition with the liberal Free Democrats (FDP) manages to hold onto power.

In the run-up to the federal vote, Dr Merkel's room for manoeuvre will be limited, and the notoriously risk-averse German leader may take a more cautious stance on a range of policy issues, including her management of the euro zone debt crisis.

The vote is also a blow to Mr McAllister, the 42-year-old half-Scot who had ruled Lower Saxony since 2010 and become a protege of the Chancellor, declaring on the eve of the vote that he was happy to be "Merkel's Mac".

There will be much hand-wringing in the CDU about Mr McAllister's not-so-subtle hints to supporters in the weeks before the election that they use their votes to boost the score of the FDP.

His message resonated with CDU voters, but perhaps stronger than he would have liked.

The FDP, which had been expected to struggle to make the 5 per cent threshold needed to enter the state assembly, ended up with a surprisingly strong score of 9.9 per cent, largely thanks to CDU backers who split their two votes. (In German elections, voters cast ballots for both a party and a local candidate).

Yet, the FDP's strong showing appears to have come at the expense of Mr McAllister's CDU, which scored 36 per cent, down 6.5 points from their last result in Lower Saxony in 2008 and well below the 40 per cent-plus that opinion polls had forecast.

With the loss, Dr Merkel's CDU has now lost to the SPD and Greens in five states over the past two years, including in their longtime southern stronghold of Baden-Wuerttemberg and in Germany's most populous state, North Rhine-Westphalia.

The string of losses is likely to fuel anxiety about Dr Merkel's ability to leverage her own popularity into votes for her party.

"The state election in Lower Saxony should be a warning for Angela Merkel for the federal election in the autumn," conservative daily Die Welt wrote on Monday.

The FDP were hailed as the big winners of Sunday's vote, but the result failed to silence internal critics who want to jettison national party leader Philipp Roesler before the federal vote.

Leading Roesler critic Dirk Niebel, who serves as development minister in Dr Merkel's government, said the Lower Saxony surprise could not mask the FDP's problems at the national level and demanded a special party congress in May to debate its leadership.

The SPD will take some satisfaction from having ousted loyal Merkel ally McAllister, but the narrow victory does not give them the major boost in momentum they had been hoping for heading into the national vote.

Instead, it highlighted the problems of their own chancellor candidate Peer Steinbrueck, who on Sunday accepted responsibility for weakening the party's score in Lower Saxony with a series of verbal blunders.

Just as with Mr Roesler in the FDP, the result is unlikely to quiet voices within the SPD who have begun questioning Mr Steinbrueck's suitability as a challenger to Dr Merkel.

The only party that came out an undisputed winner from Lower Saxony was the Greens, who with 13.7 per cent of the vote scored their best ever result in the state. Without a stronger performance from the SPD, though, their natural allies, the environmentalist party has little hope of dislodging Dr Merkel as they did Mr McAllister.

"We are doing our part," said Greens leader Cem Oezdemir."But the SPD needs to look closely at how they can improve their own score."