Light trading contributed to market volatility in the final days of 2008, with price swings of close to US$5 a barrel.

Light, sweet crude for February delivery rose US$2.31 to settle at US$40.02 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange, the first time crude has ended the day above US$40 in a week. Nymex will be closed on Thursday for the New Year's Day holiday.

In London, February Brent crude rose US$2.18 to settle at US$40.55 a barrel on the ICE Futures exchange.

Retail gasoline prices in the US continued to fall and neared US$1.60 per gallon (42 cents a litre) nationally on Monday.

In the Middle East, Israel destroyed symbols of Hamas power on the third day of what the defence minister described Monday as a 'war to the bitter end'.

The three-day death toll rose to at least 364 on Monday, with some 1,400 reported wounded. Israel launched its campaign, the deadliest against Palestinians in decades, on Saturday in retaliation for rocket fire aimed at civilians in southern Israeli towns.

Israel obliterated symbols of Hamas power, with missiles striking next to the Hamas premier's home, and devastating a security compound and a university building.

Mr Phil Flynn, an analyst at Alaron Trading Corp in Chicago, called oil's initial run-up 'an emotional reaction to what was going on in Israel', and said similar, short-lived spikes have occurred during other clashes in the region.

'In reality, the likelihood the conflict is going to interrupt oil supply in any way, shape or form is highly unlikely,' Mr Flynn said. 'Obviously, if the conflict widens, and other countries get involved directly, you might have a different situation.'

There were also hints from China the government could go on a crude-buying spree to take advantage of prices below US$40 a barrel. A senior government official writing in the People's Daily said China wants to increase its oil reserves to cushion supply shocks that it believes are inevitable.

China is encouraging companies to use all spare petroleum storage capacity to take advantage of the current low prices, the official said.

Asia's biggest refiner, the state-owned China Petroleum & Chemical Corp., recently completed construction of its largest storage project, a 38-tank facility with a total capacity of 32.4 million barrels.

The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, which accounts for about 40 per cent of global supply, has announced crude production cuts totaling more than 4 million barrels per day as it tries to stop the decline in prices. Opec members, however, have a history of ignoring announced quotas and crude traders are looking for evidence the 13-nation group is tightening the spigot.

In Vienna, JBC Energy, in its daily newsletter, said 'the UAE has decided to reduce crude supplies in January and February in line with the Opec production cuts'. The United Arab Emirates are the fourth-largest producers in the 13-nation cartel.

Analysts at the US firm Cameron Hanover noted on Monday the UAE, unlike a number of other Opec members, typically abides by planned cuts. 'If Opec countries actually cut all of the output they have agreed to cut, global supplies of crude will be tighter come spring,' Cameron Hanover said.

Oil prices have fallen 73 per cent since peaking at US$147.27 a barrel on July 11 as a credit crisis in the US sparked a steep drop-off in consumer demand and corporate earnings. Analysts expect more dismal economic news from the fourth quarter over the next few weeks.

'More bad profit reports, jobs reports, housing results will put pressure on prices,' said Mr Gerard Rigby, energy analyst with Fuel First Consulting in Sydney. 'Once Obama comes in, that might start changing sentiment and generate more optimism.' Mr Barack Obama is scheduled to be sworn in as US president on Jan 20.

In other Nymex trading, gasoline futures rose 3 cents to settle at 87.45 cents a gallon. Heating oil rose 4 cents to settle at US$1.2853 a gallon, while natural gas for January delivery jumped 31 cents to settled at US$6.136 per 1,000 cubic feet, well above the technically important US$6 level. -- AP