John XXIII: A tradition-breaking pope like Francis

Pilgrim pose in front of St Peter's basilica as they wait to attend the canonisation mass of Popes John XXIII and John Paul II at St Peter's square on April 27, 2014 at the Vatican. -- PHOTO: AFP
Pilgrim pose in front of St Peter's basilica as they wait to attend the canonisation mass of Popes John XXIII and John Paul II at St Peter's square on April 27, 2014 at the Vatican. -- PHOTO: AFP
General view of the canonisation mass of Popes John XXIII and John Paul II on St Peter's at the Vatican on April 27, 2014. -- PHOTO: AFP
People walk past a picture featuring Pope John XXIII downtown in Rome on April 26, 2014. -- PHOTO: REUTERS

VATICAN CITY (AFP) - Pope John XXIII, who was made a saint with John Paul II on Sunday, surprised many by leading the Catholic Church to more open relations with the world.

When the man nicknamed "Good Pope John" became head of the Catholic Church on October 28, 1958 at the age of 77, many thought he would be a simple caretaker.

He had a determined character, however, and led a process of modernisation of the Church and closer ties with Judaism, inviting comparisons from Vatican watchers to the current reform-minded Pope Francis.

"There is a spiritual and ideological continuity between John XXIII and Francis," said Angelo Pansa, a historian specialising in John XXIII's reign.

Less than three months after being elected, John XXIII announced preparations for the Second Vatican Council, a global gathering of Catholic bishops, which opened in October 1962 and proved to be revolutionary.

Unnerving Vatican conservatives, he reached out in a famous address to crowds in St Peter's Square at the start of the Council which spoke of his desire to bridge the gap between the Church and the faithful.

"All the world is represented here tonight, even the moon hastens close to watch this spectacle. When you head home, hug and kiss your children and tell them: 'This is the hug and kiss of the pope'," he said.

He was the first pope to leave the confines of the Vatican to visit parishes and hospitals in Rome - a tradition that has been followed by his predecessors.

Pope John did not live to see the end of the Council, dying on June 3, 1963 of complications linked to stomach cancer less than two months after he wrote the papal encyclical, Pacem in Terris (Peace on Earth).

It was addressed "to all men of good will" and not only Catholics, and was in part a reaction to the prevailing political situation in the midst of the Cold War.

Time Magazine named him Man of the Year in 1962, hailing him as a peacemaker after his address during the Cuban missile crisis helped defuse tensions.

Pansa said "he wanted to leave a door open to the Soviet Union, seen in the West as the Empire of Evil".

The historian pointed out that John XXIII donated rosaries to the children of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev and US president John F. Kennedy - a gesture "to unite the White House and the Kremlin".

On a more personal level, John XXIII had a healthy sense of humour. Once asked by a reporter how many people worked in the Vatican, he replied: "About half".

'A smiling face'

The Vatican Council led to important modernising reforms within the Church, including the possibility of celebrating mass in languages other than Latin.

"I wish to open the Church's window so that we may see what is happening outside and so the world may see what is happening within," the pope wrote.

His former private secretary, Cardinal Loris Capovilla, said his success lay "in a traditional but dynamic imprint, in the apparent paradox between strict conservatism and evangelical openness".

The man who would be pope was born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli in Sotto il Monte, northern Italy on November 25, 1881.

Ordained in 1904, he was called to Rome in 1921 to head missionary activities in Italy.

Appointed bishop four years later, he began a diplomatic career that took him to Bulgaria, Turkey and France.

He was credited with saving thousands of Jews during World War II, including by giving Hungarian Jews baptismal certificates.

A document on file at the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial cites the future pope as being "among the most sensitive to the Jewish tragedy and most vigorous in rescue efforts".

In 1953 he became a cardinal and patriarch of Venice, and was elected as pope five years later following the death of Pius XII.

As pope he worked hard to improve relations between the Catholic Church and other Christian faiths, notably Anglicans, Eastern Orthodox and Protestants.

Pope John was beatified in August 2000, based on the healing of an Italian nun, sister Caterina Capitani, which was declared a miracle after a medical commission determined there was no scientific explanation for the event.

Capitani had undergone an operation to remove a cancerous tumour in her stomach and was not expected to live, but appeared to suddenly recover after addressing her prayers to pope John.

He was beatified by then pope John Paul II, who pursued John's outreach to Jews with a historic visit to the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem in March 2000.

John Paul II said at the time of John's beatification that he had shown "a singular goodness of soul" and "left in the memory of all the image of a smiling face and two arms open to welcome the entire world".

Key dates in Pope John XXIII's life

Nov. 25, 1881: Born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, one of 13 children of a tenant farmer in the village of Sotto il Monte in northern Italy.

Aug. 10, 1904: After serving in the army, he was ordained a priest and later served as the secretary to the bishop of Bergamo.

1914-1918: Served as hospital orderly and later chaplain during the First World War.

1925: Entered the Vatican's diplomatic service, appointed apostolic visitor to Bulgaria.

1935: Transferred to Istanbul, from where, during the war years, he helped Jews in Hungary and other countries to get false certificates enabling them to escape the Holocaust.

Dec. 22, 1944: Named Apostolic Nuncio (Ambassador) to France.

Jan. 12, 1953: Pope Pius XII elevates him to the rank of cardinal and names him patriarch of Venice.

Oct. 28, 1958: Elected pope after many ballots, a compromise candidate.

Jan. 29, 1959: Calls the Second Vatican Council to modernise the Church.

Oct. 11, 1962: Second Vatican Council starts.

June 3, 1963: Dies after a battle with stomach cancer.


Related stories


John Paul II: Beloved pope who left reformists cold

Pope John Paul II, who was made a saint on Sunday along with John XXIII, was a charismatic leader who helped topple communism but was criticised for failing to tackle the scourge of child sex abuse by priests.


Popes John XXIII, John Paul II declared saints of Catholic Church

Pope Francis proclaimed his predecessors John XXIII and John Paul II saints on Sunday in front of hundreds of thousands of pilgrims celebrating two 20th century giants of the Roman Catholic Church.


Join ST's Telegram channel and get the latest breaking news delivered to you.