For America's malls, December was once the happiest time of the year. Now, each holiday season brings a painful reminder that shoppers have increasingly abandoned real- life storefronts for virtual ones. To get people off the couch, mall owners are trying to bring back the idea of shopping as a social activity.

They are investing in free cocoa and "elfie selfie" stations, and they have doubled down on the mall Santa, building him expensive high- tech palaces decked out with Naughty O' Nice Meters and Elf-Ray Vision.

Even stores that have historically shunned these traditions, like Toys "R" Us, are now getting in the game. It might be too late. The notion of strolling through a physical mall is starting to feel old-fashioned, like barbershop quartets or writing in cursive. This is how people used to buy things, before drone deliveries and the sundry triumphs of on-demand capitalism.

But once upon a time, shopping galleries were deeply radical spaces. In fact, it is impossible to tell the full story of women's rights without talking about the rise of the mall and its predecessor, the shopping district. These places were crucial to the invention of shopping as an experience: as an act of leisure, as a way to spend an afternoon. And in doing so, they opened up modern cities to women and gave them areas where they, like men, could wander at will.

For many middle-class housewives in Victorian England, shopping was their first taste of real freedom and the starting point of their push into public life, explains historian Erika Diane Rappaport.

"During a period in which a family's respectability and social position depended upon the idea that the middle-class wife and daughter remain apart from the market, politics and public space, the female shopper was an especially disruptive figure," she writes in her history book Shopping For Pleasure.

Bazaars and markets are as old as civilisation, of course. But the idea of ambling through stores, sipping on cocoa and admiring (but not necessarily buying) the merchandise - that is a thoroughly modern activity that first gained popularity in the 1800s. And for the time, it was also a minor scandal. As urban centres coalesced in the 19th century, they were primarily the domain of men. Cities were sites of politics and business.

Women were not entirely excluded, says historian Mica Nava, but their public presence was scarce. They could attend galleries and exhibitions with a male chaperone, for instance; and some shopping did exist, but primarily among wealthy women.

What changed in the 19th century was industrialisation and the manufacturing revolution, which churned out furniture, flatware and clothing in dazzling volumes. The explosion in the variety and availability of affordable consumer goods meant that the growing middle class could suddenly buy things just for the joy of it. And the task of tastefully selecting among these luxury goods fell to the women.

Shopping gave middle-class women a foothold in the modern city and, for many, a new pastime. Soon, housewives started roaming the city under the pretence of buying things.

By this new definition, "shopping" did not always involve an actual purchase. It was about the pleasures of perusing - taking in the sights, the displays, the people.

Not everyone was happy about the intrusion of women into urban life.

Even in the late 1800s, many still looked down on women who walked the streets without a male chaperon. Newspaper columnists condemned their shopping habits as salacious acts of public consumerism.

"Perhaps nothing was more revolting than the spectacle of a middle-class woman immersed in the filthy, fraudulent and dangerous world of the urban marketplace," Rappaport writes.

But urban retailers eagerly welcomed the women. They invented places such as the department store, where women could shop comfortably, surrounded by amenities, and in semi-private.

"By providing a reason - shopping - for women to appear unescorted in public, as well as arranging safe spaces like restrooms and tea rooms where women could gather or sit alone without fear of being molested by men... department stores also made it possible for women to leave the domestic space of the home and lay claim to the centre of the city," write sociologists Sharon Zukin and Jennifer Smith Maguire.

Slowly, the city reconfigured itself in response to the demands of shopping women. In the London of the early 1800s, suburban women day-trippers often had no place to eat lunch or even use the restroom. But soon, Rappaport writes, feminists were pressuring the city government to install public lavatories.

Women's clubs and tea shops sprang up for women to grab a bite in between their shopping excursions. With these social changes came new social ills. On both sides of the Atlantic, there was an outbreak of shoplifting. But since the perpetrators were typically well-to-do women, they were not thrown in jail, explains historian Elaine Abelson.

Doctors decided that this was a medical condition related to their uteruses and invented the disease "kleptomania". This epidemic of petty, middle-class crime made huge waves in the popular culture, where there were songs and movies about female shoplifters.

The act of acquiring things was increasingly seen as its own pleasure and many women blamed department stores for being temples of temptation.

By the early 1900s, London's shopping scene also became a battleground for the women's suffrage movement, who went on window- smashing raids against the same stores that relied on their business.

The suffragettes took advantage of women's newfound place in urban life, which allowed them for the first time to move freely in parts of the city.

"Suddenly women who had a moment before appeared to be on peaceful shopping expeditions produced from bags or muffs, hammers, stones and sticks, and began an attack upon the nearest windows," one Daily Telegraph article described, according to Rappaport.

These violent efforts eventually helped women in England win the vote in 1918. Shopping helped women assert themselves and assert their economic importance in a society that denied them a larger role in the public sphere.

So let us sidestep all of those French philosophers who have written so scathingly about consumption culture, except to concede that yes, we often buy things because it is fashionable and, yes, we often buy things that we do not need. So what?

Our consumerist habits are not going away. They are just moving online. What is disappearing is the shopping mall - and with it, the notion of shopping as a social activity. It is okay to be nostalgic for all that once symbolised.

BLOOMBERG