INDONESIA is home to the largest tracts of mangrove forests on earth - but they are disappearing at a rate of up to 2 per cent a year, faster than anywhere else in the world.
A study by Conservation International (CI) in West Papua province is trying to determine the potential value of these mangroves, both for Indonesia - the world's third-biggest emitter of greenhouse gases - and for the Papuan communities that live among them.
Threatened mangroves and coastal marine ecosystems in general get far less attention than tropical rainforests in climate negotiations, despite the many useful services they provide.
Mangroves are highly efficient carbon sinks, absorbing up to five times as much carbon dioxide as tropical forests. They are also important ecosystems, providing spawning grounds and habitat for hundreds of species, many of them commercially important. They are natural barriers to tropical storm surges and even contain chemicals effective in fighting cancer.
Aquaculture and agriculture - shrimp farming and palm oil in particular - are the biggest threat to Indonesia's mangroves. CI estimates emissions from mangrove, sea grass and tidal marsh degradation equal the total annual emissions of Britain.
The study's long-term aim is to develop coastal management models that harness and monetise the carbon sequestering potential of Indonesia's mangroves, which translates as somewhere in the region of 30 million tonnes of carbon dioxide not entering the atmosphere.
The CI survey, which is taking place in Arguni Bay in the remote south-eastern part of West Papua province, has already identified high levels of carbon in the mangrove plants and soils, with an average of 595 megagrams of carbon per hectare, equivalent to around 300,000 gallons (13,600 hectolitres) of petrol. This could be enough to prove the viability of Indonesia's mangroves on the carbon market.
"As a whole, Indonesia has one-third of the world's total coastal carbon content," says Ms Jennifer Howard, marine climate change director at CI. "The idea is to get the country's mangroves into the policy fold and start monetising them."
Such a model is already in place for Indonesia's rainforests through the United Nations' Redd+ initiative, which offers financial incentives for tropical forest management programmes that help mitigate the impact of climate change. With sufficient data and proper economic evaluation, mangroves could be included in the initiative.
"Blue carbon is an additional ecosystem service that allows communities to have access to international funding mechanisms such as carbon markets and other funding opportunities," says Ms Howard.
It may be some time before a viable market can be established at the global level, and there are as yet no voluntary carbon trading schemes in Indonesia.
The third option would be to pay a third party auditor, though this could prove costly. But beyond the hoped-for macro economic and environmental benefits, the pilot project in Arguni Bay is working with communities to try and establish a more immediate incentive for keeping mangroves intact, in the shape of a sustainable crab fishery.
CI estimates the industry could deliver a tonne a month of product if the right market can be found, possibly on the resort island of Bali.
Courtesy of The Guardian, a member of the Climate Publishers Network. The network is a content-sharing partnership among international news publishers, including The Straits Times, on climate change stories ahead of the 2015 UN climate summit in Paris.
